tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-92174962652041728902024-02-21T09:05:06.684-08:00HISTÓRIA DAS ARTES VISUAISAqui, você encontrará tudo que precisar sobre a história das Artes Visuais.Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.comBlogger29125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-42263052052746576982011-12-28T06:15:00.000-08:002011-12-28T06:15:33.165-08:00A HISTÓRIA DA ARTE DO EXPRESSIONISMO<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></span></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="qqqq" id="Imagem_x0020_290" o:spid="_x0000_i1053" style="height: 146.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 493.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <v:imagedata o:title="qqqq" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"> </v:imagedata></span></v:shape></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Kátia/Documents/Expressionismo%20–%20Wikipédia,%20a%20enciclopédia%20livre.mht"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="Close" href="file:///C:\Users\Kátia\Documents\Expressionismo%20–%20Wikipédia,%20a%20enciclopédia%20livre.mht" id="_x0000_i1025" o:button="t" style="height: 24pt; width: 24pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"></v:shape></span></b></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A HISTÓRIA DA ARTE DO EXPRESSIONISMO<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O <b>expressionismo</b> foi um </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_cultural" title="Movimento cultural"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">movimento cultural</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> de </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguarda" title="Vanguarda"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vanguarda</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> surgido na </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Alemanha</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> nos primórdios do </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XX" title="Século XX"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">século XX</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, de indivíduos que estavam mais interessados na interiorização da criação artística do que na sua exteriorização, projetando na obra de arte uma reflexão individual e subjetiva. Ou seja, a obra de arte é reflexo direto do mundo interior do artista expressionista.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPqq1-GXT543XgT5e6RjFog906CPV9GDUeoKaei-AbfvsI9r3sDRxzy-w_jss0rP_s5ObUD1MNxJVlNaXgmTbQkoc6GpkYfZW0pTm-SywgOw3FuxrY47_A5L_hfhkTba9kcWWbSo9Nv7E/s1600/PORTIN%257E1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPqq1-GXT543XgT5e6RjFog906CPV9GDUeoKaei-AbfvsI9r3sDRxzy-w_jss0rP_s5ObUD1MNxJVlNaXgmTbQkoc6GpkYfZW0pTm-SywgOw3FuxrY47_A5L_hfhkTba9kcWWbSo9Nv7E/s400/PORTIN%257E1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Os retirantes - Cândido Portinari</span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZsQ3JRdpFseJZI0FfQDzpHl-ZK5j4MHkXULEOXVLqOjkLQzjUDeFklYOJs-4OmDgnbXF1eo7NTXqCh_EgfeIN1iayJpLCtBfIMKFJE26zu2KtOKZHElHHc5sR4z_D6LG7JNntlr-DcLY/s1600/3710053.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZsQ3JRdpFseJZI0FfQDzpHl-ZK5j4MHkXULEOXVLqOjkLQzjUDeFklYOJs-4OmDgnbXF1eo7NTXqCh_EgfeIN1iayJpLCtBfIMKFJE26zu2KtOKZHElHHc5sR4z_D6LG7JNntlr-DcLY/s320/3710053.jpg" width="232" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Cabeça de mulher(Dora Maar) Picasso<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHmlZe73kiJfMEO2liLzPHe4os3XnkMogByznugoyhXqr_LtzF1EKGR_cFU8xOpYhHoZ1cg211WwXtnho2CpXF5Fq5QUNvyXv7tVEzLP0m6nfwmK7TEeABe0V9c8fUGu_HFvjRZ2ooin4/s1600/Edvard_Munch_-_Madonna_%25281894-1895%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHmlZe73kiJfMEO2liLzPHe4os3XnkMogByznugoyhXqr_LtzF1EKGR_cFU8xOpYhHoZ1cg211WwXtnho2CpXF5Fq5QUNvyXv7tVEzLP0m6nfwmK7TEeABe0V9c8fUGu_HFvjRZ2ooin4/s400/Edvard_Munch_-_Madonna_%25281894-1895%2529.jpg" width="307" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> Madonna – Edvard Munch</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -1.75pt 0pt 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">O principal precursor deste movimento foi o pintor holandês Vincent Van Gogh, que, com seu estilo único, já manifestava, através de sua arte, os primeiros sinais do expressionismo. Ele serviu como fonte de inspiração para os pintores: Érico Heckel, Francisco Marc, Paulo Klee, George Grosz, Max Beckmann, etc. Há ainda muitos outros pintores, entre eles, Pablo </span><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/picasso"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Picasso</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, que também foram influenciados por esta manifestação artística. Outro importante pintor expressionista foi o norueguês Edvard </span><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/biografias/munch.htm"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Munch</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, autor da conhecida obra <i>O Grito</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFdjkk5Us30_ZLxIkmtds-L_7i_kn8ExITTUlXLjAfS5RLvH0RFS-kcSAP8VSBYGQo8vkPX8QvEJ-ogwP1LtW7ZikXAkvmjcT8lwbxES67I8c6SGS5muigtwYxFEwSy2r8LL592rw2RuI/s1600/VanGogh16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFdjkk5Us30_ZLxIkmtds-L_7i_kn8ExITTUlXLjAfS5RLvH0RFS-kcSAP8VSBYGQo8vkPX8QvEJ-ogwP1LtW7ZikXAkvmjcT8lwbxES67I8c6SGS5muigtwYxFEwSy2r8LL592rw2RuI/s320/VanGogh16.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Auto retrato – Vincent Van Gogh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxpL1eZmd2lp6PDloUIA_1rfmzd_3f5i2yV3qdqCc8ZDqPztU25wT9Ygyz8QHLulo_hFNch9OjDz1pr7HCv17h7FzuBG7A9jYKqgx1We5N7qEWD8fAktWDci3_R9priCnazRmt71R3NwA/s1600/O-Expressionismo-de-Edvard-Munch-1863-1944.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxpL1eZmd2lp6PDloUIA_1rfmzd_3f5i2yV3qdqCc8ZDqPztU25wT9Ygyz8QHLulo_hFNch9OjDz1pr7HCv17h7FzuBG7A9jYKqgx1We5N7qEWD8fAktWDci3_R9priCnazRmt71R3NwA/s400/O-Expressionismo-de-Edvard-Munch-1863-1944.jpg" width="293" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O Grito – Edvard Munch<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O expressionismo plasmou-se num grande número de campos: </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura" title="Arquitetura"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arquitetura</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_pl%C3%A1sticas" title="Artes plásticas"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">artes plásticas</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">literatura</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica" title="Música"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">música</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema" title="Cinema"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cinema</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro" title="Teatro"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">teatro</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%C3%A7a" title="Dança"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dança</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fotografia</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O expressionismo costuma ser entendido como a </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Deformação"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">deformação</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> da </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realidade" title="Realidade"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">realidade</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> para </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express%C3%A3o" title="Expressão"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">expressar</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> mais subjetivamente a natureza e o ser humano, dando primazia à expressão dos </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimento" title="Sentimento"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sentimentos</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> mais que à </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descri%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Descrição"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">descrição</span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objetiva" title="Objetiva"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">objetiva</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> da realidade. <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Com as suas </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor" title="Cor"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cores</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> violentas e a sua temática de </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%C3%A3o" title="Solidão"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">solidão</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> e de </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis%C3%A9ria" title="Miséria"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">miséria</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, o expressionismo refletiu a amargura que invadia os círculos artísticos e intelectuais da Alemanha pré-bélica, bem como da </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_Mundial" title="Primeira Guerra Mundial"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Primeira Guerra Mundial</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> (1914-1918) e do </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_entre-guerras" title="Período entre-guerras"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">período entre-guerras</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> (1918-1939). Essa amargura provocou um desejo veemente de transformar a vida, de buscar novas dimensões à imaginação e de renovar as linguagens artísticas. O expressionismo defendia a </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberdade_individual" title="Liberdade individual"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">liberdade individual</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, a primazia da expressão subjetiva, o </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irracionalismo&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Irracionalismo (página não existe)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">irracionalismo</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, o arrebatamento e os temas proibidos –o excitante, demoníaco, sexual, fantástico ou pervertido. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O termo "expressionismo" foi utilizado pela primeira vez pelo pintor</span></i><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> francês </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julien-Auguste_Herv%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Julien-Auguste Hervé (página não existe)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Julien-Auguste Hervé</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, que usou a palavra <i>"expressionisme"</i> para designar uma série de quadros apresentados no </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants" title="Société des Artistes Indépendants"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Salão dos Independentes</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> de </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Paris</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> em </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901" title="1901"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1901</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, em contraste com o </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionismo" title="Impressionismo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">impressionismo</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arquitetura</span></b><span style="display: none; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="mhtml:file://C:\Users\Kátia\Documents\Expressionismo%20–%20Wikipédia,%20a%20enciclopédia%20livre.mht!http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" id="Imagem_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1047" style="height: 12.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 12.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><i><span lang="PT" style="display: none; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;">Ver artigo principal:</span></i><span lang="PT" style="display: none; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;"> </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_expressionista" title="Arquitetura expressionista"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Arquitetura expressionista</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_expressionista" title="Arquitetura expressionista"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arquitetura expressionista</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> desenvolveu-se nomeadamente na </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Alemanha</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Países Baixos"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Países Baixos</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ustria" title="Áustria"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Áustria</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checoslov%C3%A1quia" title="Checoslováquia"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Checoslováquia</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> e </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamarca" title="Dinamarca"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dinamarca</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">. Caracterizou-se pelo uso de novos materiais, suscitado ocasionalmente pelo uso de formas </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_org%C3%A2nica" title="Arquitetura orgânica"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biomórficas</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> ou pela ampliação de possibilidades oferecida pela fabricação massiva de materiais de construção como o </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijolo" title="Tijolo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tijolo</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, o </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7o" title="Aço"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">aço</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> ou o </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidro" title="Vidro"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vidro</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">. Muitos arquitetos expressionistas combateram na Primeira Guerra Mundial, e a sua experiência, combinada com os câmbios políticos e sociais produto da </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Alem%C3%A3_de_1918-1919" title="Revolução Alemã de 1918-1919"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Revolução Alemã de 1918-1919</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, terminaram em perspectivas </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">utópicas</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> e um programa </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismo" title="Socialismo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">socialista</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> romântico. A arquitetura expressionista recebeu a influência do </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismo" title="Modernismo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">modernismo</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, sobretudo da obra de arquitetos como </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde" title="Henry van de Velde"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Henry van de Velde</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Maria_Olbrich&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Joseph Maria Olbrich (página não existe)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Joseph Maria Olbrich</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> e </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Antoni Gaudí</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">. De caráter fortemente experimental e utópico, as realizações dos expressionistas destacam-se pela sua monumentalidade, o emprego do tijolo e da composição subjetiva, que outorga às suas obras certo ar de excentricidade. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlhXkoTEIDeq80pWgxhIyMofk88qYkPWFIk7yfi1X_QBvQCHdYgSVJnu0xVlOOoL71NKkqLDozn9mAp0BPipzdWgFnBjjNHEVGnc6hP-uj5QUyhlzI91dzW4jucvuel1LY1Ac4O_aV3zw/s1600/0%252C%252C11045367%252C00.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlhXkoTEIDeq80pWgxhIyMofk88qYkPWFIk7yfi1X_QBvQCHdYgSVJnu0xVlOOoL71NKkqLDozn9mAp0BPipzdWgFnBjjNHEVGnc6hP-uj5QUyhlzI91dzW4jucvuel1LY1Ac4O_aV3zw/s320/0%252C%252C11045367%252C00.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Ópera de Sydney- Expressionismo Moderno<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO0J4f3Gpk9j460HmnjkdrJ7MQOpPSzREZV62SG5T475kmOBD3-Z-X7LIxnUl6YS0VeWCJG7FrqCqIv5eMZN2B315VWe84DcHY0fuV0j9jujyYIop3EIJ3oZZGrEtcHBY5yht-qwcScOk/s1600/250px-Babelsberg_Einsteinturm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO0J4f3Gpk9j460HmnjkdrJ7MQOpPSzREZV62SG5T475kmOBD3-Z-X7LIxnUl6YS0VeWCJG7FrqCqIv5eMZN2B315VWe84DcHY0fuV0j9jujyYIop3EIJ3oZZGrEtcHBY5yht-qwcScOk/s320/250px-Babelsberg_Einsteinturm.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Torre Einstein - Alemanha</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Escultura<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escultura_expressionista&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Escultura expressionista (página não existe)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">escultura expressionista</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> não teve um selo estilístico comum, sendo o produto individual de vários artistas que refletiram na sua obra quer a temática quer a distorção formal próprias do expressionismo.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na década de 1920, a escultura derivou para a abstração, seguindo o rumo das últimas obras de Lehmbruck, de marcada estilização geométrica tendente à abstração. Assim, a obra de escultores como </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Belling" title="Rudolf Belling"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rudolf Belling</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schlemmer" title="Oskar Schlemmer"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Oskar Schlemmer</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> e </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Freundlich&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Otto Freundlich (página não existe)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Otto Freundlich</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> caracterizou-se pelo abandono da figuração para uma libertação formal e temática da escultura. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAvS_M2Ju8NDTIauq0dGZuec8Kjv1B60ZQ9IKORoAPq75kYKLqJF6zws_6hVPPwOpCCVlugkewbFt-RygD3LtG8IHOjj93bmTjo5bDGD7uCHOudg1vrelFWyWLqIpRed1s_Dk6a_nO3so/s1600/untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAvS_M2Ju8NDTIauq0dGZuec8Kjv1B60ZQ9IKORoAPq75kYKLqJF6zws_6hVPPwOpCCVlugkewbFt-RygD3LtG8IHOjj93bmTjo5bDGD7uCHOudg1vrelFWyWLqIpRed1s_Dk6a_nO3so/s320/untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p> Abelardo da Hora<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9QQ0syCoZUojxrY3C9lyFaODJMDuz-WaGv2kU260E9Uv_vdgqa64eQ718fYOef50AapKrsy2w7mJJtU_6UzEx3l5p37JFDO-JFV43chtjTbCinZGEqTaU3E2Q7VYlct4MsYAo61O3_KQ/s1600/Rudolf_Belling_Schuttblume_1972_Olympiaberg_Muenchen-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9QQ0syCoZUojxrY3C9lyFaODJMDuz-WaGv2kU260E9Uv_vdgqa64eQ718fYOef50AapKrsy2w7mJJtU_6UzEx3l5p37JFDO-JFV43chtjTbCinZGEqTaU3E2Q7VYlct4MsYAo61O3_KQ/s400/Rudolf_Belling_Schuttblume_1972_Olympiaberg_Muenchen-2.jpg" width="287" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Rudolf Belling</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Pintura<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="display: none; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="mhtml:file://C:\Users\Kátia\Documents\Expressionismo%20–%20Wikipédia,%20a%20enciclopédia%20livre.mht!http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" id="Imagem_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_i1041" style="height: 12.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 12.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><i><span lang="PT" style="display: none; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;">Ver artigo principal:</span></i><span lang="PT" style="display: none; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;"> </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_expressionista" title="Pintura expressionista"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pintura expressionista</span></a><span lang="PT" style="display: none; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> A </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pintura</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> desenvolveu-se nomeadamente em torno de dois grupos artísticos: </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke"><i><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Die Brücke</span></i></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, fundado em Dresde em 1905, e </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter"><i><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Der Blaue Reiter</span></i></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, fundado em Munique em 1911. No pós-guerra, o movimento </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Objetividade" title="Nova Objetividade"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nova Objetividade</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> surgiu como contrapeso ao individualismo expressionista defendendo uma atitude mais comprometida socialmente, embora técnica e formalmente fosse um movimento herdeiro do expressionismo. Os elementos mais característicos das obras de arte expressionistas são a cor, o dinamismo e o sentimento. O fundamental para os pintores de princípios de século não era refletir o mundo de maneira realista e fiel –justo ao contrário dos impressionistas– mas, sobretudo, expressar o seu mundo interior. O objetivo primordial dos expressionistas era transmitir as suas emoções e sentimentos mais profundos.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpUJsjqzVY0I7DFdil1dQIVohXqik-D7SqiVWgfhfDjV4wIrqWWkbDQc6PiwU728FK6FT-Um1hCht6l-JQ9yMpdSgrMScREcthxzT63DL8coyUEPuX_9kU2nu8pD9XbGEGOhwGJqvf650/s1600/quadro_cora_torres.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpUJsjqzVY0I7DFdil1dQIVohXqik-D7SqiVWgfhfDjV4wIrqWWkbDQc6PiwU728FK6FT-Um1hCht6l-JQ9yMpdSgrMScREcthxzT63DL8coyUEPuX_9kU2nu8pD9XbGEGOhwGJqvf650/s320/quadro_cora_torres.jpg" width="287" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Cora Torres- estilo Die Brucker<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieLEwXpZAHyNxRBZ50h7gnvT_B2Nm5hs7R6sMiiG1LvzSigEqR0K8kRwvARrhZ3OStcXdYTfSNmqwaaX_fOpup6HkzxzIrT8jj2XbD77-hTv-qzeL9aubOSoimrDnSzChoc7_NcLoSE2w/s1600/untitled.png+g.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieLEwXpZAHyNxRBZ50h7gnvT_B2Nm5hs7R6sMiiG1LvzSigEqR0K8kRwvARrhZ3OStcXdYTfSNmqwaaX_fOpup6HkzxzIrT8jj2XbD77-hTv-qzeL9aubOSoimrDnSzChoc7_NcLoSE2w/s320/untitled.png+g.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> O Circo – estilo Der Blaue Reiter</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -1.75pt 0pt 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Expressionismo no Brasil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="margin-right: -1.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Em nosso país o movimento também foi importante. Podemos destacar, nas artes plásticas, os artistas expressionistas mais importantes: Candido </span><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/biografias/portinari.htm"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue;">Portinari</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">, que retratou em suas telas a migração do povo nordestino para as grandes cidades e a vida dos agricultores, operários e desfavorecidos. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCfKrQK1peNpCO2D0_pKrJ_uwwXq25M5JcSwwcsbqfFWGTbDYO8qdBNRzu9ru8npA0gylNhsXvcjY52tCPYB1_Z1LyqoBEa98M_n3gvIpXm-WdNv26kcICrKDfGwwvfljQIR_-EG8G-XQ/s1600/untitled.pngy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCfKrQK1peNpCO2D0_pKrJ_uwwXq25M5JcSwwcsbqfFWGTbDYO8qdBNRzu9ru8npA0gylNhsXvcjY52tCPYB1_Z1LyqoBEa98M_n3gvIpXm-WdNv26kcICrKDfGwwvfljQIR_-EG8G-XQ/s1600/untitled.pngy.png" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Os retirantes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5E-WOcmlFhzapJgTOu7XmSbGqUEkvr_zoNO-25qk7WA_yMtyMPJ-ZqRwaaG5th_ZKGgeuHI3yMFipYIlerJqouLGMxbyT0tMEw9IpYNBpLpyLzIzOIqVM2OqDHHrFULHOnl1N1k-68Rg/s1600/g.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5E-WOcmlFhzapJgTOu7XmSbGqUEkvr_zoNO-25qk7WA_yMtyMPJ-ZqRwaaG5th_ZKGgeuHI3yMFipYIlerJqouLGMxbyT0tMEw9IpYNBpLpyLzIzOIqVM2OqDHHrFULHOnl1N1k-68Rg/s320/g.png" width="251" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> O mestiço<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidfRcgN4Qxukr-y7HzTNejkKOKN4MaZyTHr1e8GXhrVtwCP8iMGCr4TmUBCgO2pkWJoh1mKLl1D7Wq6kjE1sh3T7zvKhUVmFRaKe2RGP2HYsv7KhgJTVq5rXmk25x_aW9NQWiaEirEjTc/s1600/Candido-Portinari-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidfRcgN4Qxukr-y7HzTNejkKOKN4MaZyTHr1e8GXhrVtwCP8iMGCr4TmUBCgO2pkWJoh1mKLl1D7Wq6kjE1sh3T7zvKhUVmFRaKe2RGP2HYsv7KhgJTVq5rXmk25x_aW9NQWiaEirEjTc/s320/Candido-Portinari-1.jpg" width="255" /></a><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> O lavrador de café</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div style="margin-right: -1.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="margin-right: -1.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Outros representantes do expressionismo brasileiro: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="margin-right: -1.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">- </span><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/biografias/anita_malfatti.htm"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue;">Anita Malfatti</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> - pode ser considerada a artista que introduziu as vanguardas européias em território brasileiro. Retratou em suas obras retratos nus, cenas populares cotidianas e paisagens. Usou cores fortes e violentas em suas obras. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2frgov_Dord7m0240lTxHG5YjGNbIPTNM-r4GmeV-s0pU2oEgTwQpA275N-sghu17ElOGOlYlWySROUf6plthD5m5_rE0tK8e7Sqrf-7rF-M-EK-7JfrHq4nAU_Nsj-qDg4GIQvNJ0gc/s1600/200px-Anita_Malfatti_-_A_Estudante.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2frgov_Dord7m0240lTxHG5YjGNbIPTNM-r4GmeV-s0pU2oEgTwQpA275N-sghu17ElOGOlYlWySROUf6plthD5m5_rE0tK8e7Sqrf-7rF-M-EK-7JfrHq4nAU_Nsj-qDg4GIQvNJ0gc/s320/200px-Anita_Malfatti_-_A_Estudante.jpg" width="244" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">ANITA MALFATTI</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbEfuoN1ikQJ6R5iPsgiBThBb0JUjc2Chb87mXDYUTVD41nmFUjLT6aZqmmJuh_dogwBIk0NrMzJI54StDjx9w0UPnlPf09jmq3UKKt5ohq9tfiNCaeleGo47Ja_zbDKEttDa51iFWsE/s1600/anita3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbEfuoN1ikQJ6R5iPsgiBThBb0JUjc2Chb87mXDYUTVD41nmFUjLT6aZqmmJuh_dogwBIk0NrMzJI54StDjx9w0UPnlPf09jmq3UKKt5ohq9tfiNCaeleGo47Ja_zbDKEttDa51iFWsE/s1600/anita3.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwKY-WJUKp-L6sskZE89UF4lsMgyFwKd6qxtYiulK56Oejui7L6cmfPddAy5mRPN_7iYnWCGSZ99O6djwukVSrloMYARtnl4mF7hF9dZLbtTAYRI_J3yfHJmTLBxkmxwAHu88opOAKHRk/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwKY-WJUKp-L6sskZE89UF4lsMgyFwKd6qxtYiulK56Oejui7L6cmfPddAy5mRPN_7iYnWCGSZ99O6djwukVSrloMYARtnl4mF7hF9dZLbtTAYRI_J3yfHJmTLBxkmxwAHu88opOAKHRk/s320/images.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div style="margin-right: -1.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">- Lasar Segall - é considerado o primeiro artista a introduzir o expressionismo alemão em território sul-americano. Uma de suas obras mais conhecidas é "Emigrante Navio" de 1939.</span></div><div style="margin-right: -1.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCTZsqMySH9xIH5blsm091uJgze070iZyIKtR7qIeo7wTlFGmkRH9HMggBYstvZJgUO7y1W2gNzLpBT055_ZCptBAO_RdHbvpuLVg6IXXEJNMZlepWL6tOuHS_Q7-IrfiroNNgvRLVdnY/s1600/lasar-segall-19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCTZsqMySH9xIH5blsm091uJgze070iZyIKtR7qIeo7wTlFGmkRH9HMggBYstvZJgUO7y1W2gNzLpBT055_ZCptBAO_RdHbvpuLVg6IXXEJNMZlepWL6tOuHS_Q7-IrfiroNNgvRLVdnY/s200/lasar-segall-19.jpg" width="140" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">LASAR SEGALL</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9LIeiFOBaqGuhd7oI_c6ISYdgOsaodHk-gYWZMnvQ_vQfQiPY5j3sulOorv02hxGG0_ZWHHC5GFkzOFsPSKFYgXUBIQlNmOBba_I1Rdda8H4xXD6rkKXbB3h1MGSmUM0fdUZJLCDVhsQ/s1600/obras-de-lasar-segall-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9LIeiFOBaqGuhd7oI_c6ISYdgOsaodHk-gYWZMnvQ_vQfQiPY5j3sulOorv02hxGG0_ZWHHC5GFkzOFsPSKFYgXUBIQlNmOBba_I1Rdda8H4xXD6rkKXbB3h1MGSmUM0fdUZJLCDVhsQ/s320/obras-de-lasar-segall-4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1mnFSlCga84P2F_NJ_Mx-ctMx7wtAMPUsjKr163x8KLVD1oyELxhmc54FAw6JdtVeA1qx452vQUgPXzH_aj8-MjYa3mYYrGoJE0_Bzyuzo33XnLBdDDcF1F9z7JGGasgebDn8G6F7eR0/s1600/ls22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1mnFSlCga84P2F_NJ_Mx-ctMx7wtAMPUsjKr163x8KLVD1oyELxhmc54FAw6JdtVeA1qx452vQUgPXzH_aj8-MjYa3mYYrGoJE0_Bzyuzo33XnLBdDDcF1F9z7JGGasgebDn8G6F7eR0/s400/ls22.jpg" width="303" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-right: -1.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">- Osvaldo Goeldi (autor de diversas gravuras). </span></div><div style="margin-right: -1.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyJEgLLyUKMvm93O0Rz_sATV7LS8w4aRPVqxowuq_BpMJqhBq5c27R6gui33k5tSc0JXBKR2hrVC8Lef4QvRy_Bl09OM6Zr3kzKphUFIaSS3sTw6jRtjRVRkOP6dHBfpjkfNn-iX5pYBM/s1600/goeldi_materia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyJEgLLyUKMvm93O0Rz_sATV7LS8w4aRPVqxowuq_BpMJqhBq5c27R6gui33k5tSc0JXBKR2hrVC8Lef4QvRy_Bl09OM6Zr3kzKphUFIaSS3sTw6jRtjRVRkOP6dHBfpjkfNn-iX5pYBM/s320/goeldi_materia.jpg" width="237" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">GOELDI</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglXNuguFVWGUHNKe2QF3A8Is23IM0y9kWcKwFKAwSVNXD1ahZLZ4KNth-xscoX9FCliJL62rBVgDwXs4deCmr_Hja4tMvfGvQlmGX6D5JqpxjNFjsbxkf_Q7LuM2rXd7DuPoAZlG5tp6E/s1600/Goeldi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglXNuguFVWGUHNKe2QF3A8Is23IM0y9kWcKwFKAwSVNXD1ahZLZ4KNth-xscoX9FCliJL62rBVgDwXs4deCmr_Hja4tMvfGvQlmGX6D5JqpxjNFjsbxkf_Q7LuM2rXd7DuPoAZlG5tp6E/s320/Goeldi.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Ba2Y4ow9ew7D_O2pgpZPzLURRHRZhd8ahZsA2WXTbRBRfv0BmL5BbpByymbdga8FV_rtZQueHy4hOFlP2MNjVRmVg9ZxSkOYQZHGoVMQT_f6NyNz3etoRzw-l-qnQF2N-KDhjdCaiFuO/s320/Goeldi.jpg" id="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 101.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 134.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="Goeldi" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.centrovirtualgoeldi.com/img_bd/000232_G.jpg" id="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 99.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 129.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="000232_G" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjdNVtbBjJSPCsgMycfwEpX2CllcSx4tzjMguSp_n4YIRrkd_20tkruqT-VYvejbJF2-DqW3SEz3zxq7JAYf946ZTm_udlHAecE5aKivVZJ3i2k7_LNT4vzMkP1Y-jlAafgTWtW1aVtk_N/s1600/goeldi1.jpg" id="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 99.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 130.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="goeldi1" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://stat.correioweb.com.br/arquivos/divirta/materias2007/goeldi_materia.jpg" id="il_fi" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 107.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 79.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="goeldi_materia" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span></div><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-52635157058521891172011-11-15T10:15:00.000-08:002011-11-15T10:29:07.343-08:00A HISTÓRIA DA ARTE DO RENASCIMENTO<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><v:shape alt="Descrição: qqqq" id="Imagem_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 146.25pt; visibility: visible; width: 494.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"></v:shape></div><div style="text-align: left;"><v:imagedata o:title="qqqq" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"> </v:imagedata></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Britannic Bold","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">HISTÓRIA DA ARTE RENASCENTISTA</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Britannic Bold","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O Renascimento foi uma época ou movimento de renovação das artes e ciências europeias, entre os séculos XIV a XVI, marcado pela valorização da Antiguidade Clássica.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O Renascimento Italiano se espalhou pela Europa, trazendo novos artistas que nacionalizaram as ideias italianas...<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7aAL64nWJFwKx7fVjcMXfWyMnp6sOfujlygKfEq9CzpKxTIxbo1kPw73iaUVdrmjexc-6B6bSn7HTnjMRwyzmbKAiKzoQf5Va-O9DbE869gPQ5xw3vK49Jx32HDJUEVXnq5tKlnvG4fI/s1600/renascimento%255B1%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7aAL64nWJFwKx7fVjcMXfWyMnp6sOfujlygKfEq9CzpKxTIxbo1kPw73iaUVdrmjexc-6B6bSn7HTnjMRwyzmbKAiKzoQf5Va-O9DbE869gPQ5xw3vK49Jx32HDJUEVXnq5tKlnvG4fI/s400/renascimento%255B1%255D.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Querubim <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuNBtc3LHqyGxgOMoJO0HqBf1EpwF31LdvrcmS7-UYqjjI-C_a5mQZWQa2r_OjuigPKlZ4mcNx9ov7z1McACZ1I_fpo2HTBJ26Cvb_HYV0jvlWPPkJKTFF1DrM3VVQfyGmbX52ks8PkAI/s1600/adao.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuNBtc3LHqyGxgOMoJO0HqBf1EpwF31LdvrcmS7-UYqjjI-C_a5mQZWQa2r_OjuigPKlZ4mcNx9ov7z1McACZ1I_fpo2HTBJ26Cvb_HYV0jvlWPPkJKTFF1DrM3VVQfyGmbX52ks8PkAI/s400/adao.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Criação de Adão de Michelangelo </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">RENASCIMENTO CULTURAL ou RENASCENTISMO<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O termo Renascimento é comumente aplicado à civilização europeia que se desenvolveu entre 1300 e 1650, sobretudo no século XVI. Além de reviver a antiga cultura greco-romana, ocorreram nesse período muitos progressos e incontáveis realizações no campo das artes, da literatura e das ciências, que superaram a herança clássica.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O ideal do humanismo foi sem duvida o móvel desse progresso e tornou-se o próprio espírito do Renascimento. Num sentido amplo, esse ideal pode ser entendido como a valorização do homem (Humanismo) e da natureza, em oposição ao divino e ao sobrenatural, conceitos que haviam impregnado a cultura da Idade Média.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ou seja, a partir do Renascimento, o ser humano passou a ser o grande foco das preocupações da vida e do imaginário dos artistas. O retrato, por exemplo, tornou-se um dos gêneros mais populares da pintura, utilizado, na ausência da fotografia, para o registro de pessoas e famílias nobres e burguesas.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYcSbRERGuh4IEFO2A3dgBEE2FEjpW584ASWoR2luTitK2CmwvOsF1pfu-tLan_ibRKm1znnELlNc5qnXSyNHCtDhnzQQsWBcy_e00SJwB1Z_9UKdBGJUy-z2GzLDQNVfIKwQki44A-I4/s1600/Historia-Listas-Renascimento-MicheldeMontaigne.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYcSbRERGuh4IEFO2A3dgBEE2FEjpW584ASWoR2luTitK2CmwvOsF1pfu-tLan_ibRKm1znnELlNc5qnXSyNHCtDhnzQQsWBcy_e00SJwB1Z_9UKdBGJUy-z2GzLDQNVfIKwQki44A-I4/s400/Historia-Listas-Renascimento-MicheldeMontaigne.jpg" width="291" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Michel de Montaigne<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU3GDZ2qw_3wgFZ8ypSVlNGiEf4ImlY3hwRGBAUk44PpjveIMaLSSRhMK3SH_04GtMsL1Jqe0PVKA4VLdDhPDqJgccHHZEYoqtFV63GUf-MOWTtfBpQ6gu_aV3S4eqiZqmcM7zQ1HA770/s1600/Historia-Listas-Renascimento-SandroBotticelli.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU3GDZ2qw_3wgFZ8ypSVlNGiEf4ImlY3hwRGBAUk44PpjveIMaLSSRhMK3SH_04GtMsL1Jqe0PVKA4VLdDhPDqJgccHHZEYoqtFV63GUf-MOWTtfBpQ6gu_aV3S4eqiZqmcM7zQ1HA770/s400/Historia-Listas-Renascimento-SandroBotticelli.jpg" width="285" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sandro Botticelli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFiWkR1RiSuG9AENtLd8YnoCfpXIP_SReOS76bBAul_LuZ32qO6DJj_JUimSpBsTOzj2_cqS5SwfD9PFQxa3HHPJj-o2wMNFsUrDM9eCmR29SHjWD5_dq5bwWbO2r_V_yXD0d_03K0w_E/s1600/Historia-Listas-Renascimento-LeonardodaVinci.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFiWkR1RiSuG9AENtLd8YnoCfpXIP_SReOS76bBAul_LuZ32qO6DJj_JUimSpBsTOzj2_cqS5SwfD9PFQxa3HHPJj-o2wMNFsUrDM9eCmR29SHjWD5_dq5bwWbO2r_V_yXD0d_03K0w_E/s400/Historia-Listas-Renascimento-LeonardodaVinci.jpg" width="315" /></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> Leonardo Da Vinci</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dentro desse universo de figurações, o auto retrato se estabelece como um subgênero repleto de peculiaridades. Nele, o artista se retrata e se expressa, numa tentativa de leitura e transmissão de suas características físicas e sua interioridade emocional.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ali também, na maneira como utiliza cores e pinceladas, no modo como desenha suas próprias formas e lhes atribui volumes e texturas, o artista constrói seus próprios comentários sobre a natureza e os atributos da arte.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Características-gerais</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">: </span><b><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Valorização da cultura greco-romana. Para os artistas da época renascentista, os <a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/grecia"><span style="color: black;">gregos</span></a> e <a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/imperioromano"><span style="color: black;">romanos</span></a> possuíam uma visão completa e humana da natureza, ao contrário dos homens medievais;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As qualidades mais valorizadas no ser humano passaram a ser a inteligência, o conhecimento e o dom artístico;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Enquanto na <a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/idademedia"><span style="color: black;">Idade Média</span></a> a vida do homem devia estar centrada em Deus ( teocentrismo ), nos séculos XV e XVI o homem passa a ser o principal personagem (antropocentrismo);<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A razão e a natureza passam a ser valorizadas com grande intensidade. O homem renascentista, principalmente os cientistas, passam a utilizar métodos experimentais e de observação da natureza e universo. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Durante os séculos XIV e XV, as cidades italianas como, por exemplo, Gênova, Veneza e Florença, passaram a acumular grandes riquezas provenientes do comércio. Estes ricos comerciantes, conhecidos como mecenas, começaram a investir nas </span><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/temas/arte_cultura.htm"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">artes</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, aumentando assim o desenvolvimento artístico e cultural. Por isso, a Itália é conhecida como o berço do Renascentismo. Porém, este movimento cultural não se limitou à Península Itálica. Espalhou-se para outros países europeus como, por exemplo, Inglaterra, Espanha, </span><a href="http://www.suapesquisa.com/paises/portugal"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Portugal</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, França, Polônia e Países Baixos. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">Principais representantes do Renascimento Italiano e suas principais obras:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Giotto di Bondone (1266-1337) - pintor e arquiteto italiano. Um dos precursores do Renascimento. Obras principais: O Beijo de Judas, A Lamentação e Julgamento Final.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)- destacou-se em arquitetura, pintura e escultura.Obras principais: Davi, Pietá, Moisés, pinturas da Capela Sistina (Juízo Final é a mais conhecida).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Rafael Sanzio (1483-1520) - pintou várias madonas (representações da Virgem Maria com o menino Jesus).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)- pintor, escultor, cientista, engenheiro, físico, escritor, etc. Obras principais: Mona Lisa, Última Ceia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Sandro Botticelli - (1445-1510)- pintor italiano, abordou temas mitológicos e religiosos. Obras principais: O nascimento de Vênus e Primavera.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Tintoretto - (1518-1594) - importante pintor veneziano da fase final do Renascimento. Obras principais: Paraíso e Última Ceia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Veronese - (1528-1588) - nascido em Verona, foi um importante pintor maneirista do Renascimento Italiano. Obras principais: A batalha de Lepanto e São Jerônimo no Deserto.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVv7_jxjO4MiW6VhiWPFRZ7EbNcfVP8HIe4Lcqm_dG-HryzMtMI8huLgG11zRwc2bp8bDuYoWFT64CXHTcjxvnh164DlDqU7s0mGSq2x-Q0G3s3JPDqbUV58lP5XggawOi-bNy4ewmNAs/s1600/1164381326_f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVv7_jxjO4MiW6VhiWPFRZ7EbNcfVP8HIe4Lcqm_dG-HryzMtMI8huLgG11zRwc2bp8bDuYoWFT64CXHTcjxvnh164DlDqU7s0mGSq2x-Q0G3s3JPDqbUV58lP5XggawOi-bNy4ewmNAs/s400/1164381326_f.jpg" width="263" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Da Vinci<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKvaSGwkMcFiQg9sz0VyLPY7ScJjmrB2vplLsyil1d4wUpuZKQTOG_B0hVq4KuTWMAt1avFqCHfE30SlywxKkPJl-C96OL4uGE6pHhDrcN9ONexvn8zcqFWm_XzBAS-pUQAK1__fAN-HI/s1600/Giotto+Di+Bondone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKvaSGwkMcFiQg9sz0VyLPY7ScJjmrB2vplLsyil1d4wUpuZKQTOG_B0hVq4KuTWMAt1avFqCHfE30SlywxKkPJl-C96OL4uGE6pHhDrcN9ONexvn8zcqFWm_XzBAS-pUQAK1__fAN-HI/s400/Giotto+Di+Bondone.jpg" width="350" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Giotto<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq2yux0kPP702MLMzA1JmojhfIzIkiMDduyx8Ws_q9moant8hu3GvTaJarZVuk3EsZC8RccnJsYUC8umAd3Aj9ohPWksZUSmEXhbnka087srcNalz36zM7102fFoiwvEFbcQrUhfooAKc/s1600/thays.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq2yux0kPP702MLMzA1JmojhfIzIkiMDduyx8Ws_q9moant8hu3GvTaJarZVuk3EsZC8RccnJsYUC8umAd3Aj9ohPWksZUSmEXhbnka087srcNalz36zM7102fFoiwvEFbcQrUhfooAKc/s400/thays.jpg" width="313" /></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Michelangelo<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWISdd7UkZELfnCBFYPqLfeba1E1u8sk5AtPWVOStF6ToFSvbpOXmx5krbZEISB2OlJwIUEs37rlj1tNuX_4QeEsh_ILud2m4ktCLtRMwJhXbJNPuqmTVaiRYBl_AfoXAxuSBCocKq6Qo/s1600/200px-Sanzio_00.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWISdd7UkZELfnCBFYPqLfeba1E1u8sk5AtPWVOStF6ToFSvbpOXmx5krbZEISB2OlJwIUEs37rlj1tNuX_4QeEsh_ILud2m4ktCLtRMwJhXbJNPuqmTVaiRYBl_AfoXAxuSBCocKq6Qo/s400/200px-Sanzio_00.jpg" width="296" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rafael Sanzil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFlmLcuksry-spXAAhEgxv6GykBUyfsKtRtSsZQ59PHVKrXb_4GGaD6uxGWtEgq4L2eZiuXsWDWVpdl117U5Wf4pt8FOfejoJFjhCp1LXNZ2oj4R5fioOudKRKSSQTCis5eeeVtW23Ol0/s1600/Sandro_Botticelli_150.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFlmLcuksry-spXAAhEgxv6GykBUyfsKtRtSsZQ59PHVKrXb_4GGaD6uxGWtEgq4L2eZiuXsWDWVpdl117U5Wf4pt8FOfejoJFjhCp1LXNZ2oj4R5fioOudKRKSSQTCis5eeeVtW23Ol0/s400/Sandro_Botticelli_150.jpg" width="305" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sandro Botticelli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkNed6SH3k-AF8Mk8Zm-n_Cn3tB1mcgzK-9SZBMO3rIipW20G1iw4cCX48ICkxpqZe7LZcPTQwIE16G4EV6k3iY6aonYTcRZE8Uc0smJHt5CvCMo_2uhEfS9MmDnOHkcqeWGccizilqM/s1600/tintoretto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkNed6SH3k-AF8Mk8Zm-n_Cn3tB1mcgzK-9SZBMO3rIipW20G1iw4cCX48ICkxpqZe7LZcPTQwIE16G4EV6k3iY6aonYTcRZE8Uc0smJHt5CvCMo_2uhEfS9MmDnOHkcqeWGccizilqM/s400/tintoretto.jpg" width="312" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tintoretto</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pintura Renascentista:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Duas grandes novidades marcam a pintura renascentista: a utilização da perspectiva, através da qual os artistas conseguem reproduzir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>em suas obras, espaços reais sobre uma superfície plana, dando a noção de profundidade e de volume, ajudados pelo jogo de cores que permitem destacar na obra os elementos mais importantes e obscurecer os elementos secundários, a variação de cores frias e quentes e o manejo da luz permitem criar distâncias e volumes que parecem ser copiados da realidade: e a utilização da tinta à óleo, que possibilitará a pintura sobre tela com uma qualidade maior, dando maior ênfase á realidade e maior durabilidade às obras. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEnkFT0vGBlPawNvTZn9ipFCc2nYCo1YyGOCXciOt_uUax3EOWKh3BZLhM1JUaheuyyo1Yabbwb7eti4tfoHh1JVtnN9RX2Suf8BlKj-PtFAsgdp01ogzc4EQxDEdtfobM84PViTvxa5U/s1600/1cristomategna.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEnkFT0vGBlPawNvTZn9ipFCc2nYCo1YyGOCXciOt_uUax3EOWKh3BZLhM1JUaheuyyo1Yabbwb7eti4tfoHh1JVtnN9RX2Suf8BlKj-PtFAsgdp01ogzc4EQxDEdtfobM84PViTvxa5U/s400/1cristomategna.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOT3mkZH-StuxG4_RJU8HOZvubXoWxLJRnj1ZcEsjPU6I-PVXcOu_jk4RYWr468NVzczQ-coklthYsXPJjC9cOUZw_nsrCvx3eUrRiahW-BYVKTFDwhrwV1Ms36xNh4uWab2ZHyeUafIQ/s1600/1Renascimento-Monalisa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOT3mkZH-StuxG4_RJU8HOZvubXoWxLJRnj1ZcEsjPU6I-PVXcOu_jk4RYWr468NVzczQ-coklthYsXPJjC9cOUZw_nsrCvx3eUrRiahW-BYVKTFDwhrwV1Ms36xNh4uWab2ZHyeUafIQ/s640/1Renascimento-Monalisa.jpg" width="432" /></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><o:p></o:p><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Outra característica da arte do Renascimento, em especial da pintura, foi o surgimento de artistas com um estilo pessoal, diferente dos demais, já que o período é marcado pelo ideal de liberdade e, consequentemente, pelo individualismo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Arquitetura renascentista<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na arquitetura renascentista, a ocupação do espaço pelo edifício baseia-se em relações matemáticas estabelecidas de tal forma que o observador possa compreender a lei que o organiza, de qualquer ponto em que se coloque.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Os arquitetos renascentistas perceberam que a origem de construção clássica estava na geometria euclidiana, que usava como base de suas obras o quadrado, aplicando-se a perspectiva, com o intuito de se obter uma construção harmônica. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A pesar de racional e antropocêntrica, a arte renascentista continuou cristã, porém as novas igrejas adotaram um novo estilo, caracterizado pela funcionalidade e portanto pela racionalidade, representada pelo plano centralizado, ou a cruz grega. Os palácios também foram construídos de forma plana tendo como base o quadrado, um corpo sólido e normalmente com um pátio central, quadrangular, que tem a função de fazer chegar a luz às janelas internas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1SXV_3OetMnCUdcQGlK8cd6K21EPqQDAaQ-L1Pv64GdQNN9YJT89qLjm1H9V6tMS7v-iroGzDd6zZQOc4nc2XRACuXxzwB3IChhlywoiDpvtjXoNxWnIEndlcXbscA2vbPCJIArXUvuY/s1600/renascimento_basilica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1SXV_3OetMnCUdcQGlK8cd6K21EPqQDAaQ-L1Pv64GdQNN9YJT89qLjm1H9V6tMS7v-iroGzDd6zZQOc4nc2XRACuXxzwB3IChhlywoiDpvtjXoNxWnIEndlcXbscA2vbPCJIArXUvuY/s400/renascimento_basilica.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Basílica de São Pedro, Vaticano<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbtMhQhcnN27Ud8Z86YcrfDP3xonjEFh-eWnm_1rWFaTv3ZPyQiKCBU4p664akjyRmC5KpbdnjnON7mwQ7A8lwveUcDzYOLrcNdT1Ry9RD0QFQaXpsDU-jDYlynk5FkErksKJZqmu6Y44/s1600/renascimento_cupula.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbtMhQhcnN27Ud8Z86YcrfDP3xonjEFh-eWnm_1rWFaTv3ZPyQiKCBU4p664akjyRmC5KpbdnjnON7mwQ7A8lwveUcDzYOLrcNdT1Ry9RD0QFQaXpsDU-jDYlynk5FkErksKJZqmu6Y44/s400/renascimento_cupula.jpg" width="305" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Catedral de Florença</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Escultura renascentista</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pode-se dizer que a escultura é a forma de expressão que melhor representa o renascimento, no sentido humanista. Utilizando-se da perspectiva e da proporção geométrica, destacam-se as figuras humanas, que até então estavam relegadas a segundo plano, acopladas Às paredes ou capitéis. No renascimento a escultura ganha independência e a obra, colocada acima de uma base, pode ser apreciada de todos os ângulos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dois elementos se destacam: a expressão corporal que garante o equilíbrio, revelando uma figura humana de músculos levemente torneados e de proporções perfeitas; e as expressões das figuras, refletindo seus sentimentos. Mesmo contrariando a moral cristã da época, o nu volta a ser utilizado refletindo o naturalismo. Encontramos várias obras retratando elemento mitológicos, como o Baco, de Michelangelo, assim como o busto ou as tumbas de mecenas, reis e papas. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUSVyjIJ51uCXgt7bFJmNuNhPEZWUSy8SKQpgIIabZZFQ8j0b49D5PeeCsKDQDwQMUvGO4EQQNcAyqk1rxWILrjxV1RjDQfoWZ1_8oWlIvwqDWaHMRfm_7immHTy3MV7qGPMbNPh5wafI/s1600/Michelangelo%2527s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUSVyjIJ51uCXgt7bFJmNuNhPEZWUSy8SKQpgIIabZZFQ8j0b49D5PeeCsKDQDwQMUvGO4EQQNcAyqk1rxWILrjxV1RjDQfoWZ1_8oWlIvwqDWaHMRfm_7immHTy3MV7qGPMbNPh5wafI/s400/Michelangelo%2527s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg" width="381" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pietá<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLBWTOBqSNUBSOR-bpB8u8NHj258tl78irs_eH4Zid30Xrq9zcqblxW6wnPXoJLIA5CLL5kKbiEo6FFYMi951IGnCuVpm3HLHBklEZaZ2RAMNSzSwqpJHRmVL1DR6KBnBazqrh2gi8pns/s1600/blalfhdg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLBWTOBqSNUBSOR-bpB8u8NHj258tl78irs_eH4Zid30Xrq9zcqblxW6wnPXoJLIA5CLL5kKbiEo6FFYMi951IGnCuVpm3HLHBklEZaZ2RAMNSzSwqpJHRmVL1DR6KBnBazqrh2gi8pns/s400/blalfhdg.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adão, púlpito do Batistério de Pisa</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSxNuDeXp1I5w6_xy1Y8d-sSRNJHb3EltW7vyNbOktCHrk9RQeWnb74zErFMSj2mHnqj4yuWeIGKyq2_by6D7DzFpDAAS5gQlATAtme2Jvpn3Gh6kELaTDRYl_RWtRJwT9e-nI2T6jGvk/s1600/ff.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSxNuDeXp1I5w6_xy1Y8d-sSRNJHb3EltW7vyNbOktCHrk9RQeWnb74zErFMSj2mHnqj4yuWeIGKyq2_by6D7DzFpDAAS5gQlATAtme2Jvpn3Gh6kELaTDRYl_RWtRJwT9e-nI2T6jGvk/s400/ff.jpg" width="299" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>David<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ao abrir o mundo à intervenção do homem, o Renascimento sugeriu uma mudança da posição a ser ocupada pelo homem no mundo. Ao longo dos séculos posteriores ao Renascimento, os valores por ele empreendidos vigoraram ainda por diversos campos da arte, da cultura e da ciência. Graças a essa preocupação em revelar o mundo, o Renascimento suscitou valores e questões que ainda se fizeram presentes em outros movimentos concebidos ao logo da história ocidental.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-71026488177107813902011-09-27T05:36:00.000-07:002011-09-27T05:40:45.792-07:00A HISTÓRIA DA ARTE GÓTICA<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arte Gótica<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">introdução<br />
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O estilo Gótico desenvolveu-se na Europa, principalmente na França, durante a Baixa Idade Média e é identificado como a Arte das Catedrais. A partir do século XII a França conheceu transformações importantes, caracterizadas pelo desenvolvimento comercial e urbano e pela centralização política, elementos que marcam o início da crise do sistema feudal. No entanto, o movimento a arraigada cultura religiosa e o movimento cruzadista preservavam o papel da Igreja na sociedade.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitRUHWOcGTBLUsJIVlYGSQ6kEWTJUvCN8vFDQCe8Eft6H156tNE9iF9HQvzN2cxVCrFlE7T4BL9jyexJ34QBetSCXiAJHo3x8lSgmIoSN3zQ9tfaitWlZDamXncacV5VX0ZcCQEbo0Lvs/s1600/interior%252520da%252520%252520catedral%252520de%252520salisbury.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitRUHWOcGTBLUsJIVlYGSQ6kEWTJUvCN8vFDQCe8Eft6H156tNE9iF9HQvzN2cxVCrFlE7T4BL9jyexJ34QBetSCXiAJHo3x8lSgmIoSN3zQ9tfaitWlZDamXncacV5VX0ZcCQEbo0Lvs/s400/interior%252520da%252520%252520catedral%252520de%252520salisbury.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Catedral de Salisbury<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enquanto a Arte Românica tem um caráter religioso tomando os mosteiros como referência, a Arte Gótica reflete o desenvolvimento das cidades. Porém deve-se entender o desenvolvimento da época ainda preso à religiosidade, que nesse período se transforma com a escolástica, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento racional das ciências, tendo Deus como elemento supremo. Dessa maneira percebe uma renovação das formas, caracterizada pela verticalidade e por maior exatidão em seus traços, porém com o objetivo de expressar a harmonia divina.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O termo Gótico foi utilizado pelos italianos renascentistas, que consideravam a Idade Média como a idade das trevas, época de bárbaros, e como para eles os godos eram o povo bárbaro mais conhecido, utilizaram a expressão gótica para designar o que até então chamava-se "Arte Francesa ".<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">arquitetura</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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<o:p></o:p></div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A arquitetura foi a principal expressão da Arte Gótica e propagou-se por diversas regiões da Europa, principalmente com as construções de imponentes igrejas. Apoiava-se nos princípios de um forte simbolismo teológico, fruto do mais puro pensamento escolástico: as paredes eram a base espiritual da Igreja, os pilares representavam os santos, e os arcos e os nervos eram o caminho para Deus. Além disso, nos vitrais pintados e decorados se ensinava ao povo, por meio da mágica luminosidade de suas cores, as histórias e relatos contidos nas Sagradas Escrituras.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Do ponto de vista material, a construção gótica, de modo geral, se diferenciou pela elevação e desmaterialização das paredes, assim como pela especial distribuição da luz no espaço. Tudo isso foi possível graças a duas das inovações arquitetônicas mais importantes desse período: o arco em ponta, responsável pela elevação vertical do edifício, e a abóbada cruzada, que veio permitir a cobertura de espaços quadrados, curvos ou irregulares. No entanto, ainda considera-se o arco de ogiva como a característica marcante deste estilo.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWQfCEezcg3AIPO9ikM07TwSXDCFVHwGvFYk7mmH1N37bAfQvkP6vYxmkbjcaTQniW3LgtDqxZ0frJpdhhhSydDfTqdB2NTL1PKgBlsX-Ko87cCBVyIpsiJ-v3Om9vs191ISKVeqUt-Dw/s1600/17_Feb_08_Lincoln32.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWQfCEezcg3AIPO9ikM07TwSXDCFVHwGvFYk7mmH1N37bAfQvkP6vYxmkbjcaTQniW3LgtDqxZ0frJpdhhhSydDfTqdB2NTL1PKgBlsX-Ko87cCBVyIpsiJ-v3Om9vs191ISKVeqUt-Dw/s400/17_Feb_08_Lincoln32.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> Catedral de Lincoln -- Lincolnshire, Inglaterra</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsiscXKDT8ncUFtFNj5oN1t6nHJ8T_PU7jNixqv4dnaQWwnryaGgfEn5WLfsCI22ELzvocH6QEvUG-cIfdtxg4E6ysBfNxKBcQOoIOTmObuXjgIoPEdVyZ4fhHHGT5APZMvyRjlmkittg/s1600/Slovakia_Bratislava_vault_cross.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsiscXKDT8ncUFtFNj5oN1t6nHJ8T_PU7jNixqv4dnaQWwnryaGgfEn5WLfsCI22ELzvocH6QEvUG-cIfdtxg4E6ysBfNxKBcQOoIOTmObuXjgIoPEdVyZ4fhHHGT5APZMvyRjlmkittg/s400/Slovakia_Bratislava_vault_cross.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A primeira das catedrais construídas em estilo gótico puro foi a de Saint-Denis, em Paris, e a partir desta, dezenas de construções com as mesmas características serão erguidas em toda a França. A construção de uma Catedral passou a representar a grandeza da cidade, onde os recursos eram obtidos das mais variadas formas, normalmente fruto das contribuições dos fiéis, tanto membros da burguesia com das camadas populares; normalmente as obras duravam algumas décadas, algumas mais de século.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfL0sXR-xFNHb9we1YEXjBd3UNDPYeYrV7pG67A292Kx8spD2Ii7_VWnXOASzN6i9_aV1oAGROVqAo6k1oJ32zxc4HS5Hks-ayE701qzKM8N16k6JG3I9RddUv0JGI8zIqP1OwV4ZUDIQ/s1600/ext-cc-djof.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfL0sXR-xFNHb9we1YEXjBd3UNDPYeYrV7pG67A292Kx8spD2Ii7_VWnXOASzN6i9_aV1oAGROVqAo6k1oJ32zxc4HS5Hks-ayE701qzKM8N16k6JG3I9RddUv0JGI8zIqP1OwV4ZUDIQ/s400/ext-cc-djof.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KRoDkUeAMwOrwH5LvcgPy0clLBI495sAt0uNwWqVcQ27wBPBMevYPCuyUXx27MUikQDouB7KspCDC389s-_VCXjytuMNqKNv_B4NxqNx93tNmkoPapQoO9u53btXvENSVZMiKZLyvVI/s1600/DSC01465.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KRoDkUeAMwOrwH5LvcgPy0clLBI495sAt0uNwWqVcQ27wBPBMevYPCuyUXx27MUikQDouB7KspCDC389s-_VCXjytuMNqKNv_B4NxqNx93tNmkoPapQoO9u53btXvENSVZMiKZLyvVI/s400/DSC01465.JPG" width="300" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Catedralde Saint-Denis <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">escultura<br />
</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A escultura gótica desenvolveu-se paralelamente à arquitetura das Igrejas e está presente nas fachadas, tímpanos e portais das catedrais, que foram o espaço ideal para sua realização. Caracterizou-se por um calculado naturalismo que, mais do que as formas da realidade, procurou expressar a beleza ideal do divino; no entanto a escultura pode ser vista como um complemento à arquitetura, na medida em que a maior parte das obras foi desenvolvida separadamente e depois colocadas no interiro das Igrejas, não fazendo parte necessariamente da estrutura arquitetônica.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><img height="266" id="il_fi" src="http://www.friendsofart.net/static/images/art1/unknown-spanish-sculptor-mid-13th-century-II-la-portada-del-sarmental.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="400" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span></o:p></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Porta do Sarmental, Catedral de Burgos</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuC2lsuOglGsnavrFeLs98UYSaVj-dw5UFhHb3h5n4rxVuVuoq0t8Tw-L25zWfdTRwPBhzUoctwbLruJj-FGA4ehZWK81QIDdIBh73TSUE2E3olwogxorP5vmZhSBtae7dJgXlZGBcK-o/s1600/arte-gotica-.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuC2lsuOglGsnavrFeLs98UYSaVj-dw5UFhHb3h5n4rxVuVuoq0t8Tw-L25zWfdTRwPBhzUoctwbLruJj-FGA4ehZWK81QIDdIBh73TSUE2E3olwogxorP5vmZhSBtae7dJgXlZGBcK-o/s320/arte-gotica-.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> Gárgulas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdBFAGNDb9gizSsCcXHg_-u3W5hV0t1uZeDr77jCufz-JS8DCkV_jrbswMO0e1MotZatIojsS-mEoE0AsXzh0M6B8V81-OEYO8ta7GPiELb6BfZLUKyNL8mowWJij9vj7hnKARf9lxlIA/s1600/200px-ThreeFoolishVirginsMagdeburg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdBFAGNDb9gizSsCcXHg_-u3W5hV0t1uZeDr77jCufz-JS8DCkV_jrbswMO0e1MotZatIojsS-mEoE0AsXzh0M6B8V81-OEYO8ta7GPiELb6BfZLUKyNL8mowWJij9vj7hnKARf9lxlIA/s320/200px-ThreeFoolishVirginsMagdeburg.jpg" width="251" /></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A princípio, as estátuas eram alongadas e não possuíam qualquer movimento, com um acentuado predomínio da verticalidade, o que praticamente as fazia desaparecer. A rejeição à frontalidade é considerado um aspecto inovador e a rotação das figuras passa a idéia de movimento, quebrando o rigorismo formal.<br />
As figuras vão adquirindo naturalidade e dinamismo, as formas se tornam arredondadas, a expressão do rosto se acentua e aparecem as primeiras cenas de diálogo nos portais.<br />
<br />
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">pintura</span></u></b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br />
</span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A pintura teve um papel importante na arte gótica pois pretendeu transmitir não apenas as cenas tradicionais que marcam a religião, mas a leveza e a pureza da religiosidade, com o nítido objetivo de emocionar o expectador. Caracterizada pelo naturalismo e pelo simbolismo, utilizou-se principalmente de cores claras<br />
"Em estreito contato com a iconografia cristã, a linguagem das cores era completamente definida: o azul, por exemplo, era a cor da Virgem Maria, e o marrom, a de São João Batista. A manifestação da idéia de um espaço sagrado e atemporal, alheio à vida mundana, foi conseguida com a substituição da luz por fundos dourados. Essas técnicas e conceitos foram aplicados tanto na pintura mural quanto no retábulo e na iluminação de livros".</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG-j1RZzIwnR4hakB2SrVzb_2tfbOq8Wt4JEm9lEcU4uGqTY5x9h3vPzKvMy39XJ35OrfI9G3F_qrMJZMf0au37ItRzVYmL-CXfEi09LZODOFF8Za0s2bBjHd7oNyoYrGzJCjyAVSMZ1E/s1600/esp37Cb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG-j1RZzIwnR4hakB2SrVzb_2tfbOq8Wt4JEm9lEcU4uGqTY5x9h3vPzKvMy39XJ35OrfI9G3F_qrMJZMf0au37ItRzVYmL-CXfEi09LZODOFF8Za0s2bBjHd7oNyoYrGzJCjyAVSMZ1E/s400/esp37Cb.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span><strong>fresco de la catedral de colonia (alemania)</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuFqFtHnf9kzdXPgAwhiisTuIK6tW7nrcf8WJWZIsf6XokUCOTySmDyAxwhyphenhyphenJJmqa3Q7HMB58nnta4qmmxbgzDqQVdKfoJ9ir2WCIo40lwbCoM5pBmOtIPqBiT6NenVz8q8yi1iM-MYCs/s1600/POLPTI%257E1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuFqFtHnf9kzdXPgAwhiisTuIK6tW7nrcf8WJWZIsf6XokUCOTySmDyAxwhyphenhyphenJJmqa3Q7HMB58nnta4qmmxbgzDqQVdKfoJ9ir2WCIo40lwbCoM5pBmOtIPqBiT6NenVz8q8yi1iM-MYCs/s400/POLPTI%257E1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="apple-style-span"><strong>jan van eyck.-políptico de gante</strong></span></span></span><strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <span lang="ES"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 18.75pt 0cm 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">O gótico no Brasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A rigor, não se pode falar da existência de uma arquitetura essencialmente gótica no Brasil. À época dos descobrimentos, o estilo arquitetônico iniciado na França com o declínio do sistema feudal, e que dominou especialmente as construções dos templos religiosos a partir do século XII, já havia sido substituído pelo renascentista. No entanto, no século XIX, algumas construções brasileiras foram erguidas em estilo “neo-gótico”, congregando algumas características do gótico medieval em contraste com os estilos clássicos dominantes na época. Entre os exemplares desse estilo arquitetônico no Brasil, destacam-se a catedral de Petrópolis e a catedral da Sé, em São Paulo, e edifícios como o Palácio da Ilha Fiscal e o Real Gabinete Português de Leitura, no Rio de Janeiro.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Lv7NYWpiL8NKo0LDoHkxV4KsElqZurCj4AY3KsbGZOVCbGo7FlgyMa0J4Ep95PKTcwv4MfXm87zo_9P6xi2GUIcr_6XFU8P2Mlc_yS56lJYUxhEXCIbsciaQjQE_SFF9bUZw1GidLQM/s1600/200px-Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Sao_Paulo_3_Brasil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Lv7NYWpiL8NKo0LDoHkxV4KsElqZurCj4AY3KsbGZOVCbGo7FlgyMa0J4Ep95PKTcwv4MfXm87zo_9P6xi2GUIcr_6XFU8P2Mlc_yS56lJYUxhEXCIbsciaQjQE_SFF9bUZw1GidLQM/s400/200px-Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Sao_Paulo_3_Brasil.jpg" width="295" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p> <span style="font-size: x-small;"> catedral da Sé, em São Paulo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><o:p></o:p><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3euFFjCnXtte8U5nKt2rBLXPJPkQ0CmS4878qSYI3UnHNUx2VgGZCT5MP946iLgsG0muY9NacjaMyhhyphenhyphenhxsF7E8gHu7u1Le0HnDBOS-BRUKGyGPbCnBx1BhqzrPx5rhlcQiaZoER3AV0/s1600/3102834.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3euFFjCnXtte8U5nKt2rBLXPJPkQ0CmS4878qSYI3UnHNUx2VgGZCT5MP946iLgsG0muY9NacjaMyhhyphenhyphenhxsF7E8gHu7u1Le0HnDBOS-BRUKGyGPbCnBx1BhqzrPx5rhlcQiaZoER3AV0/s640/3102834.jpg" width="425" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> catedral de Petrópolis, em São Paulo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7_x0Yq6dvtTYzVXkXkpcRCLw_UImFsvYdEyDt-QOCOLcFPfbKHucOPspPtFBjIDMtXMA6uPuTZmpBhFblND-xGOw5IsJzg3yIOasAI2IAzY8zveT7j1LJuZF67DLDX68jIhQWDMpBErY/s1600/real.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7_x0Yq6dvtTYzVXkXkpcRCLw_UImFsvYdEyDt-QOCOLcFPfbKHucOPspPtFBjIDMtXMA6uPuTZmpBhFblND-xGOw5IsJzg3yIOasAI2IAzY8zveT7j1LJuZF67DLDX68jIhQWDMpBErY/s400/real.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Real Gabinete Português de Leitura, no RJ.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-33701460653901952011-09-17T11:27:00.000-07:002011-09-17T11:30:52.175-07:00A HISTÓRIA DO TEATRO NO MUNDO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 33.95pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A HISTÓRIA DO TEATRO NO MUNDO<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“TEATRO” A origem desta palavra vêm do Grego “Theátron”. Posteriormente passou para o Latim como Theatru. Esta palavra, quando passou para o português, a vogal “U” foi simplesmente trocada pela vogal “O”. o teatro surgiu no Egito há aproximadamente três mil anos antes de Cristo. Algumas peças começaram a aparecer na Grécia com Homero no período de oitocentos anos antes de Cristo. Quanto a este passado muito distante, pouco se sabe, a maioria dos autores e de seus livros, até nos dão alguma certeza de que o teatro é tão velho quanto a existência do homem.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW9KjcSmKV2CVUMC2zkiZXMNjmuE2n8Fkx-4Z36E-_-r9_8eo97Cs1lhnrWXywrHUs2KDSXySN4FL0JpY1hRml9YspCMK2EFxNdvFuk6iOgPx9ZElH0FsuojqYE33mb-LbH6BrtiRBgTo/s1600/teatro_brasil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW9KjcSmKV2CVUMC2zkiZXMNjmuE2n8Fkx-4Z36E-_-r9_8eo97Cs1lhnrWXywrHUs2KDSXySN4FL0JpY1hRml9YspCMK2EFxNdvFuk6iOgPx9ZElH0FsuojqYE33mb-LbH6BrtiRBgTo/s400/teatro_brasil.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXmISTUQmlaqSiBcY8yQjlkvbgkT4QwIrCX97RI07T82cmfvBpyt2fBBUf6UPd8k9dhlHpHJ3maKqrVS6TxtVUY9DiDjReNJfBKj7_roA5QCGagyznfSyDriuscsuJI3MCOPx7ZuefULQ/s1600/untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXmISTUQmlaqSiBcY8yQjlkvbgkT4QwIrCX97RI07T82cmfvBpyt2fBBUf6UPd8k9dhlHpHJ3maKqrVS6TxtVUY9DiDjReNJfBKj7_roA5QCGagyznfSyDriuscsuJI3MCOPx7ZuefULQ/s400/untitled.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Provavelmente, em algum momento já nos perguntamos quando o ser humano começou a representar, por que o fez e como teriam sido as primeiras representações. Segundo os estudiosos, os seres humanos tinham necessidades de representar para expressar suas alegrias, tristezas e dúvidas,comunicando-se com os outros e com os deuses, em <u>rituais</u> e celebrações. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Nessas ocasiões (como ocorre ainda hoje em algumas tribos indígenas), era comum as pessoas representarem os animais e seus movimentos, imitarem os fenômenos da Natureza, como<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>os sons do trovão, narrarem as dificuldades sofridas em uma viagem, lembrarem seus antepassados para ensinar aos jovens.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As palavras e os gestos das representações eram aprendidos e memorizados. E assim podiam preservá-los, uma vez que desconheciam a escrita. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mas a origem do teatro está na Grécia antiga no século VI a.C.. Organizavam-se festivais para celebrar a festividade da Terra na primavera, e os participantes vestiam peles de animais, dançavam e entoavam cânticos repetidos pelos demais. Foi lá que surgiu o teatro tal como o conhecemos hoje: representações com diferentes histórias escritas por autores, nas quais atores interpretam diferentes papéis diante de um público em um local<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>construído especialmente para isso.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Um dos festivais mais famosos da Grécia antiga era realizado em homenagem ao deus Dionísio. Durante seis dias todos os habitantes da cidade se reuniam para julgar a qualidade dos textos encenados e de seus autores. Aplaudiam quando gostavam, protestavam a ponto de interromper a representação, caso não gostassem. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Como surgiram os atores<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Foi na Grécia, por volta dos séculos VII a.C., durante a celebração dos festivais dedicados ao deus Dionísio, que o teatro deixou de ser uma cerimônia religiosa e passou a representar peças teatrais. Dionísio era<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>o deus da fertilidade, do vinho e da alegria e, em suas homenagens, organizavam-se cantos, corais e danças sobre um tablado baixo, uma arena chamada <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">theatron, </i></b>que em grego significa “local onde se vai para ver”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijW7dBz3ZjXKhLG29Kbia9p9vEqgjYBWvunJeHlbhbuWbzEB7Xk9WT0kK7BaiFI0t0leqIFsVCVknsyRPON9OGIm2Zpk_Hq61hFUUe9keL4q16z_D4K4ZBoq4b31S4zWMfNv9CixydG8g/s1600/Dioniso+0008+www_templodeapolo_net.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijW7dBz3ZjXKhLG29Kbia9p9vEqgjYBWvunJeHlbhbuWbzEB7Xk9WT0kK7BaiFI0t0leqIFsVCVknsyRPON9OGIm2Zpk_Hq61hFUUe9keL4q16z_D4K4ZBoq4b31S4zWMfNv9CixydG8g/s400/Dioniso+0008+www_templodeapolo_net.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSIT9bv-oq4AaF3WwWYzlC_0H32dYfrqJlB77XVdZ2HwF61IFSFyjaUBP1ohzP7BDgr0q9PrBCckjHFUMiRDkNaDcmb6LvFpqMFj7BD2_ycDuP9QsgUQ33Ox6hKsXUBrM4bSOE_o2Gk78/s1600/6a00e54ef9645388340134893bd2ee970c-800wi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSIT9bv-oq4AaF3WwWYzlC_0H32dYfrqJlB77XVdZ2HwF61IFSFyjaUBP1ohzP7BDgr0q9PrBCckjHFUMiRDkNaDcmb6LvFpqMFj7BD2_ycDuP9QsgUQ33Ox6hKsXUBrM4bSOE_o2Gk78/s400/6a00e54ef9645388340134893bd2ee970c-800wi.jpg" width="388" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O nome do hino cantado pelo participantes do coro era <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ditirambo, </i></b>e supôe-se que esse cântico narrava a história do deus Dionísio, que veio ao mundo para ensinar aos seres humanos o cultivo da uva e de outros frutos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Foi mais tarde, por volta do século VI a.C., que surgiram os <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">protagonista </i></b>(são atores que interpretam os personagens mais importantes). Eram dois ou três participantes que se destacavam do conjunto do coro, falavam e dialogavam entre si, narrando e interpretando os episódios da história. Dessa forma, surgiu a figura do ator(é a pessoa que representa os personagens de uma peça de teatro, de um filme, de uma novela ou de uma série de televisão).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O primeiro ator e também autor do qual se tem notícia é Téspis que segundo as pesquisas, percorria as cidades em uma carroça e recebeu prêmios por sua interpretação. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkn4P-0LB6ZASewFzgSXTFr_udFugsVF7fewkdmXetsX30lzgYsVvTHe-NDDF6WdfZarb5e2N9zIHaGU07BtXZ-K3n7oxhHxpDHXeOaW3vKMLKoDwX6Er8Tmx2Vq1dgxUWz2HTF5stlCc/s1600/6435238_hysUz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkn4P-0LB6ZASewFzgSXTFr_udFugsVF7fewkdmXetsX30lzgYsVvTHe-NDDF6WdfZarb5e2N9zIHaGU07BtXZ-K3n7oxhHxpDHXeOaW3vKMLKoDwX6Er8Tmx2Vq1dgxUWz2HTF5stlCc/s400/6435238_hysUz.jpg" width="269" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Téspis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Dt-_IrSqyKo57kSIF1ytdVkO4uBlwHJhfJo80tNijPXO0FLWMDDA2kXZdAuiuHknuACk5fHmg25LIihHurTyd7fbhxgqRFwWbvWVCT3nfkzB4Po9UhSNTkSw2HoURNfNwzufzu1JJG4/s1600/Cesar-es-el-protagonista-absoluto-800x500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Dt-_IrSqyKo57kSIF1ytdVkO4uBlwHJhfJo80tNijPXO0FLWMDDA2kXZdAuiuHknuACk5fHmg25LIihHurTyd7fbhxgqRFwWbvWVCT3nfkzB4Po9UhSNTkSw2HoURNfNwzufzu1JJG4/s400/Cesar-es-el-protagonista-absoluto-800x500.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> Cesar de Planeta dos Macacos “a origem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcoppbc_TEBmIh5KakbyeEjQgXgYUQpHjZahruP9LrcBmxq4uOuVhVIm43HbIm2z_LZuSdyGx56ljEi_PmN78c4eQAmI8JOG2EFCN57R8oJu2z8HoZcjzZUVaqxYSDh54zQbf0rtc5XrY/s1600/bruce_willis_confirmado_como_protagonista_de_ten.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcoppbc_TEBmIh5KakbyeEjQgXgYUQpHjZahruP9LrcBmxq4uOuVhVIm43HbIm2z_LZuSdyGx56ljEi_PmN78c4eQAmI8JOG2EFCN57R8oJu2z8HoZcjzZUVaqxYSDh54zQbf0rtc5XrY/s400/bruce_willis_confirmado_como_protagonista_de_ten.jpg" width="324" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maclane(Duro de Matar) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Três séculos depois do ator Téspis, a cidade da Atenas havia se tornado a capital do teatro na Grécia. Nesta cidade foram construídos teatros nos sopés dos montes, onde eram representados diferentes tipos de peças.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Os gêneros teatrais<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Entre os tipos de peças ou gêneros teatrais na Grécia estão: a tragédia, a comédia e a sátira.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A tragédia era o gênero mais respeitado por ser considerada mais séria e superior. Tratava de temas religiosos e do conflito entre os grandes heróis e heroínas com as leis divinas e o destino. Imaginava-se que assistir à representação das tragédias “purificava” ou “transformava” os espectadores.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A comédia era considerada menos nobre e tratava de assuntos cotidianos. Os autores gregos as escreviam para divertir os espectadores com situações ridículas que se referiam, por vezes, ao comportamento de políticos e pessoas importantes da sociedade grega.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As sátiras, ou dramas satíricos, eram tragédias mais curtas, mas tratadas com humor e ironia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Durante os festivais, a cada dia um ator apresentava três tragédias e uma comédia. Isso provavelmente porque para os gregos qualquer assunto poderia ser levado a sério ou criticado, mas tudo deveria terminar de um jeito divertido. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">São quatro os principais gêneros dramáticos conhecidos:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A tragédia</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, nascida na Grécia, segue três características: antiga, média e nova. É a representação viva das paixões e dos interesses humanos, tendo por fim a moralização de um povo ou de uma sociedade.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCK4pgBH3_O6JGjeeFffnQa8U0l-UoTBZv9-R_yYHXyL_n894CmhtTcdRCS1o8J4Z1_qyzwu8nF-mI8QOGMvNbpmQKwU9E12T-7IiWe42sxbJKoThOKwBQAKUqN06ESeTjzKMSatwlAsg/s1600/oresteia2-709066.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCK4pgBH3_O6JGjeeFffnQa8U0l-UoTBZv9-R_yYHXyL_n894CmhtTcdRCS1o8J4Z1_qyzwu8nF-mI8QOGMvNbpmQKwU9E12T-7IiWe42sxbJKoThOKwBQAKUqN06ESeTjzKMSatwlAsg/s400/oresteia2-709066.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.6pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Oresteia </span>Agamênon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.6pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbSChnagyIFjOWCZcT2kk4vYhCd2Fba933dka0vR93on897786IbYuF6XVMUc1QZonysU5djxjYDen3sUjOgQEh6ci-GamPuBPmYKKGwc77lE1MA95ldQK5kZABx0GflfiOMy-pfUIyNc/s1600/antigona.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbSChnagyIFjOWCZcT2kk4vYhCd2Fba933dka0vR93on897786IbYuF6XVMUc1QZonysU5djxjYDen3sUjOgQEh6ci-GamPuBPmYKKGwc77lE1MA95ldQK5kZABx0GflfiOMy-pfUIyNc/s400/antigona.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.6pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.6pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prometeu acorrentado<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A comédia</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> representa os ridículos da humanidade ou os maus costumes de uma sociedade e também segue três vertentes: a política, a alegórica e a moral.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgROwh5JvfSOsd1wmUrWl69YsUi9TSHQvUulPyJT-SSpbnIP_UknCmWH7y0PcdlrER2gFdHz0ElqEp0L2IIHTjZcYZ5uoTGjnE4idxCU7NOozGLlVfxB3hrmP9zWpdIXFYwZp7gt2W-maE/s1600/teatro-grego2-06a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgROwh5JvfSOsd1wmUrWl69YsUi9TSHQvUulPyJT-SSpbnIP_UknCmWH7y0PcdlrER2gFdHz0ElqEp0L2IIHTjZcYZ5uoTGjnE4idxCU7NOozGLlVfxB3hrmP9zWpdIXFYwZp7gt2W-maE/s400/teatro-grego2-06a.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comédia Nova<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisBSgaIrMGV4Hs_6JjB5oFHJGWEgUTHybscqZ4fQ4vBE7htJLd9HR_rCRKSGhgLSlZJW-wuBK_x8_9KFpWGM9jIcQtPkKqbiaLyDkcxcTqWw6Y8mopy4Up8MXWuLk6If9CY5tnVKqH1hM/s1600/A-COMD%257E1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisBSgaIrMGV4Hs_6JjB5oFHJGWEgUTHybscqZ4fQ4vBE7htJLd9HR_rCRKSGhgLSlZJW-wuBK_x8_9KFpWGM9jIcQtPkKqbiaLyDkcxcTqWw6Y8mopy4Up8MXWuLk6If9CY5tnVKqH1hM/s400/A-COMD%257E1.JPG" width="266" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> Comédia( Dionísio)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVtKDZSd7bFqfQC0Stc3tuwABFpjrKkKmgkaWhaSA86ZXEgaE1swrmaVGg9z4cCw79zfGGVZlTx-bcKSVI_3QjPCStB4hddWVGQhX2GdlITyliz5NS-Eu8pJ0iqWAkrHEagNQjdBGt7tM/s1600/0466_G%257E1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVtKDZSd7bFqfQC0Stc3tuwABFpjrKkKmgkaWhaSA86ZXEgaE1swrmaVGg9z4cCw79zfGGVZlTx-bcKSVI_3QjPCStB4hddWVGQhX2GdlITyliz5NS-Eu8pJ0iqWAkrHEagNQjdBGt7tM/s400/0466_G%257E1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Comédia de Lisístrata<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A tragicomédia</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> é a transição da comédia para o drama. Representa personagens ilustres ou heróis, praticando atos irrisórios.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">O drama</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (melodrama) é representado acompanhado por música. No palco, episódios complicados da vida humana como a dor e a tristeza combinados com o prazer e a alegria.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtskyNHrFhyphenhyphenWexkavtGYUVI8SuqRwTvZAuJ1-knLwPZT9XarRGk1MekDNBJ4zUbEND9okNAP-vJoyvPsZYETQvKGaR9HKB_U8LVkuSPKT6L7Q4fGV6wSb3OOaI0GOnqlCUnfNrjc_9uwg/s1600/news_21011.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtskyNHrFhyphenhyphenWexkavtGYUVI8SuqRwTvZAuJ1-knLwPZT9XarRGk1MekDNBJ4zUbEND9okNAP-vJoyvPsZYETQvKGaR9HKB_U8LVkuSPKT6L7Q4fGV6wSb3OOaI0GOnqlCUnfNrjc_9uwg/s400/news_21011.jpeg" width="281" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peça A Fuga com mostra consumo e conseqüências dramáticas da droga nas famílias<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As representações desses tipos de peças constituíam um grande acontecimento. Todos os anos eram organizados festivais em dias fixos, quando quase todos os moradores da cidade e de localidades próximas compareciam. Os cidadãos ricos patrocinavam os festivais, oferecidos para toda comunidade.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Os autores(é a pessoa que escreve uma peça <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>de teatro, o roteiro de um filme, ou o enredo de uma novela ou de um livro)recebiam honrarias e prêmios pelos textos e se tornavam famosos entre seus compatriotas. Também eram muito criticados caso não agradassem ao público. Os mais conhecidos autores de tragédias são Ésquiles, Sófocles e Eurípedes: os mais conhecidos por suas comédias são Aristófanes e Menandro, e Pátrinas foi um grande escritor de sátiras.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Essas peças escritas há 2500 anos são representadas até hoje. Elas tratam dos sentimentos mais profundos dos seres humanos, que não mudaram desde a Grécia antiga, como, por exemplo, o amor, o ódio, o ciúme e a inveja. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O texto teatral<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Em uma peça de teatro, as falas dos personagens aparecem escritas em forma de diálogos que chamamos de texto. Ele contém também algumas indicações cênicas sobre como os personagens têm de falar, os movimentos e gestos dos atores, como devem estar vestidos ou maquiados.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Quando em uma parte ou na totalidade de um texto teatral há um único ator representando um ou mais personagens, dizemos que se trata de um monólogo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Alguns textos de teatro só trazem uma indicação sobre o enredo ou uma breve <b>sinopse</b>(é o resumo que mostra somente os momentos principais do enredo). Outros textos são como um resumo no qual só se assinala a ordem das cenas e das entradas dos personagens. Nestes casos, para desenvolver o enredo, utiliza-se a improvisação. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O teatro no Brasil<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">No Brasil, o teatro tem sua origem com as representações de catequização dos índios. As peças eram escritas com intenções didáticas, procurando sempre encontrar meios de traduzir a crença cristã para a cultura indígena. Uma origem do teatro no Brasil se deveu à Companhia de Jesus, ordem que se encarregou da expansão da crença pelos países colonizados. Os autores do teatro nesse período foram o <u>Padre José de Anchieta </u>e o <u>Padre Antônio Vieira</u>. As representações eram realizadas com grande carga dramática e com alguns efeitos cênicos, para a maior efetividade da lição de religiosidade que as representações cênicas procuravam inculcar nas mentes aborígines. O teatro no Brasil, neste período, estava sob grande influência<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">-</span>do<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">-</span>barroco<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">-</span>europeu.</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMtWAroLH4SKs4vGfTyTQdiJhZVJnN8sP3ggcAdHVWjUvN7Cdzx0DNNbW9EBlTbXeIwFZOoBvjODfM1z17wFC8DIuYfc7VavV3WvZZzbRIaUGEijKBd6Rxt21SCA7FI555HdIUt1EASZs/s1600/Raimunda%252520Pinto%25252002%255B1%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMtWAroLH4SKs4vGfTyTQdiJhZVJnN8sP3ggcAdHVWjUvN7Cdzx0DNNbW9EBlTbXeIwFZOoBvjODfM1z17wFC8DIuYfc7VavV3WvZZzbRIaUGEijKBd6Rxt21SCA7FI555HdIUt1EASZs/s400/Raimunda%252520Pinto%25252002%255B1%255D.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peça teatral “Raimunda Pinto sim senhor” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXoZ9ijvfDDvWCVOUWPipjVrsmotSV0UxZ23easszeYXRkDfyJ4mR1wjYQUOdQVD3r11uK1ChyphenhypheneOJTVkXG23JyNY26_P5jSOd9Lg1pv0d-bMGM2_vRiHrjH2JMkjPztJh9_NiJgiHDiw/s1600/macunaima2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXoZ9ijvfDDvWCVOUWPipjVrsmotSV0UxZ23easszeYXRkDfyJ4mR1wjYQUOdQVD3r11uK1ChyphenhypheneOJTVkXG23JyNY26_P5jSOd9Lg1pv0d-bMGM2_vRiHrjH2JMkjPztJh9_NiJgiHDiw/s400/macunaima2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peça teatral “Macunaíma”<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com20tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-68759402600019800552011-09-11T13:35:00.000-07:002011-09-11T14:37:07.057-07:00A HISTÓRIA DA ARTE BARROCA<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Tempus Sans ITC"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hide: all;"><a href="http://julirossi.blogspot.com/2009/05/cubismo.html#main"><span style="color: blue;">skip to main </span></a>| <a href="http://julirossi.blogspot.com/2009/05/cubismo.html#sidebar"><span style="color: blue;">skip to sidebar</span></a></span></b></div><br />
<h2 align="right" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.83em; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> <o:p></o:p></span></h2><br />
<h2 style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 20pt;">A HISTÓRIA DA ARTE BARROCA<o:p></o:p></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O Barroco surgiu na Itália no final do século XVI, como uma nova expressão artística que se contrapunha ao Renascimento. O Barroco (palavra cujo significado tanto pode ser pérola imperfeita ou mau gosto) pode ser considerado como uma forma de arte emocional e sensual, ao mesmo tempo em que se caracteriza pela monumentalidade das dimensões, opulência das formas e excesso de ornamentação.</span></div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> A arte barroca originou-se na Itália (séc. XVII) mas não tardou a irradiar-se por outros países da Europa e a chegar também ao continente americano, trazida pelos colonizadores</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">portugueses</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">e</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">espanhóis. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As obras barrocas romperam o equilíbrio entre o sentimento e a razão ou entre a arte e a ciência, que os artistas renascentistas procuram realizar de forma muito consciente; na arte barroca predominam as emoções e não o racionalismo da arte renascentista. <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>É uma época de conflitos espirituais e religiosos. O estilo barroco traduz a tentativa angustiante de conciliar forças antagônicas: bem e mal; Deus e Diabo; céu e terra; pureza e pecado; alegria e tristeza; paganismo e cristianismo; espírito e matéria.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Essa grandiosidade é explicada pela situação histórica, marcada pela reação da Igreja Católica ao movimento protestante e ao mesmo tempo pelo desenvolvimento do regime absolutista. Dessa maneira temos uma arte diretamente comprometida com essa nova realidade, servindo como elemento de propaganda de seus valores, ser explicadas pelo fato de o barroco ter sido um tipo de expressão de cunho propagandista.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nascido em Roma a partir das formas do cinquecento renascentista, logo se diversificou em vários estilos paralelos, à medida que cada país europeu o adotava e o adaptava às suas própria características. Enquanto na Itália o barroco apresentou elementos mais "pesados", nos países Protestantes o estilo encontrou componentes mais amenos.</span></div></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Durante esse período as artes plásticas tiveram um desenvolvimento integrado; a arquitetura, principalmente das Igrejas, incorporaram os ornamentos da estatuária e da pintura.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Suas</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Características</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Gerais</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">São: <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></div></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">* Emocional sobre o racional; seu propósito é impressionar os sentidos do observador, baseando-se no princípio segundo o qual a fé deveria ser atingida através</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">dos</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">sentidos</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">e</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">da</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">emoção</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">e</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">não</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">apenas</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">pelo</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">raciocínio. <br />
* Busca de efeitos decorativos e visuais, através de curvas, contracurvas, colunas retorcidas; <br />
*</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">--</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Entrelaçamento</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">entre</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">a</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">_</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">arquitetura</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">e</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">escultura; <br />
*</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">--</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Violentos</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">contrastes</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">de</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">luz</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">e</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">sombra; <br />
* Pintura com efeitos ilusionistas, dando-nos às vezes a impressão de ver o céu, tal a aparência de profundidade conseguida. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ESCULTURA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BARROCA</span></b></div></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A escultura barroca teve um importante papel no complemento da arquitetura, tanto na decoração interior como exterior, reforçando a emotividade e a grandiosidade das igrejas. Destaca-se principalmente as obras de Bernini, arquiteto e escultor que dedicou sua obra exclusivamente a projeção da Igreja Católica, na Itália. A principal característica de suas obras é o realismo, tendo-se a impressão de que estão vivas</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">e</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">que</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">poderiam</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">se</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">movimentar.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As esculturas em mármore procuraram destacar as expressões faciais e as características individuais, cabelos, músculos, lábios, enfim as características específicas destoam nestas obras que procuram glorificar a religiosidade. Multiplicavam-se anjos e arcanjos, santos e virgens, deuses pagãos e heróis míticos, agitando-se nas águas das fontes e surgindo de seus nichos nas fachadas, quando não sustentavam uma viga ou faziam parte dos altares.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Suas características são</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">: o predomío das linhas curvas, dos drapeados das vestes e do uso do dourado; e os gestos e os rostos das personagens revelam emoções violentas e atingem uma dramaticidade desconhecida no Renascimento. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdDqMCaF2IDWPLzN5zNlawdBoTfAE8MXZ2SXs-Xc2zJdTxk2M2s5HRtYi6ncRBFi5d6mDnxW0bw0iuzGrBtSlEuHdGA6ke1MwII4rHxs5_oXXDBgliNuakd2yw8qC3r6WLjjUe3OTyzRM/s1600/rapto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdDqMCaF2IDWPLzN5zNlawdBoTfAE8MXZ2SXs-Xc2zJdTxk2M2s5HRtYi6ncRBFi5d6mDnxW0bw0iuzGrBtSlEuHdGA6ke1MwII4rHxs5_oXXDBgliNuakd2yw8qC3r6WLjjUe3OTyzRM/s400/rapto.jpg" width="310" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSa2ddpEJsuN4yq7FZq4Eihi3E6Da-S4RUC44wYMeb7EzOvJllUa_sXf-VNLVqUjUkc-m7fEy9qcqo1zkyQ8BCo0I8RdSt5_lDxofJX-FHiMXAAv0xemv0AMJKKBnlV-oV3I6vWMPPuRE/s1600/PAINTING+Beata+Ludovica+Albertoni.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSa2ddpEJsuN4yq7FZq4Eihi3E6Da-S4RUC44wYMeb7EzOvJllUa_sXf-VNLVqUjUkc-m7fEy9qcqo1zkyQ8BCo0I8RdSt5_lDxofJX-FHiMXAAv0xemv0AMJKKBnlV-oV3I6vWMPPuRE/s400/PAINTING+Beata+Ludovica+Albertoni.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Esculturas<span style="color: white;">-</span>de<span style="color: white;">-</span>Bernini</span></div><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ARQUITETURA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BARROCA</span></b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na arquitetura barroca, a expressão típica são as Igrejas, construídas em grande quantidade durante o movimento de Contra-Reforma. Rejeitando a simetria do renascimento, destacam o dinamismo e a imponência, reforçados pela emotividade conseguida através de meandros, elementos contorcidos e espirais, produzindo diferentes efeitos visuais, tanto nas fachadas quanto no desenho dos interiores.<br />
Quanto à arquitetura sacra, compõe-se de variados elementos que pretendem dar o efeito de intensa emoção e grandeza. O teto elevado e elaborado com elementos de escultura dão uma dimensão do infinito; as janelas permitem a penetração da luz de modo a destacar as principais esculturas; as colunas transmitem uma impressão de poder e de movimento.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ85MXIHyJ_YrNYVIjKFGzxoSLPwsfiYisuOS_IBP9zNI64rjshPZhxE4lz0vrmql2Go5bauv2ZllRG3G2UGD0AcCPte0u_W99pgVpvAdJP33ayvkIYdPOd-HJ6evTLGQ_uMZMxb6Gids/s400/20080307144725369.jpg" width="400" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Igrejas no estilo Barroco em Minas Gerais<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZMPv0GtaSbwA2Gh32aXlQJF80-XqrO27P5Yx3F9nSnCe64OlfSmcLQfxAaCigxP-O8ZODK3Lwf0dmiSvO8lfco_J_uXENKZJC6kdMgxVWFPrlIL4IoT2OVKDbCv-Su6epvFONRFlJtBk/s400/id_moderna_barroco_03.jpg" width="400" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Convento de Mafra em Portugal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quanto à arquitetura palaciana, o palácio barroco era construído em<br />
três pavimentos. Os palácios, em vez de se concentrarem num só bloco cúbico, como os renascentistas, parecem estender-se sem limites sobre a paisagem, em várias alas, numa repetição interminável de colunas e janelas. A edificação mais representativa dessa época é o de Versalhes, manifestação messiânica das ambições absolutistas de Luís XIV, o Rei Sol, que pretendia, com essa obra, reunir ao seu redor - para desse modo debilitá-los – todos</span></div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">os</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">nobres</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">poderosos</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">das</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">cortes</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">de</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">seu</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">país.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Palacios<span style="color: white;">-</span>Residenciais</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">PINTURA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">-</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">BARROCA<br />
</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As obras pictóricas barrocas tornaram-se instrumentos da Igreja, como meio de propaganda e ação. Isto não significa uma pintura apenas de santos e anjos, mas de um conjunto de elementos que definem a grandeza de Deus e de suas criações. Os temas favoritos devem ser procurados na Bíblia ou na mitologia greco-romana.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Características da pintura barroca: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">* Composição assimétrica, em diagonal - que se revela num estilo grandioso, monumental, retorcido, substituindo a unidade geométrica e o equilíbrio da arte renascentista. <br />
* Acentuado contraste de claro-escuro (expressão dos sentimentos) - era um recurso que</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">visava</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">a</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">intensificar</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">a</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">sensação</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">de</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">profundidade. <br />
* Realista, abrangendo todas as camadas sociais. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">* Escolha de cenas no seu momento de maior intensidade dramática. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXIH1ocCAdXku9iIeYE2KGXLvd1tdZUiwoI9XNCIliDybM2-FvU0TAL0cYetMgDfpBpVa1ZsU8CwjyoOKDicxRTIzPzeQkmWXPHoa5Ich6M7BMDTIlzfhnky7KxSaJqt08eJS3CHpwq0g/s1600/pintura-barrocarubens-pintura-barroca.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXIH1ocCAdXku9iIeYE2KGXLvd1tdZUiwoI9XNCIliDybM2-FvU0TAL0cYetMgDfpBpVa1ZsU8CwjyoOKDicxRTIzPzeQkmWXPHoa5Ich6M7BMDTIlzfhnky7KxSaJqt08eJS3CHpwq0g/s400/pintura-barrocarubens-pintura-barroca.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pintura de Rubens<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqYnOUm6O2ZJJK2NkSYiPoT67Qayinf4WPKH76D_p5mybmw3VYtQ4u4Y7bRowN9gvXvBX7ME-AJmtO1lc2709Lv01zaLd33nrGRo9EWFccvkrkfec7PPj0AHGlNVG6IOvJPjwfJVmLv00/s1600/PINTURAS-BARROCAS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqYnOUm6O2ZJJK2NkSYiPoT67Qayinf4WPKH76D_p5mybmw3VYtQ4u4Y7bRowN9gvXvBX7ME-AJmtO1lc2709Lv01zaLd33nrGRo9EWFccvkrkfec7PPj0AHGlNVG6IOvJPjwfJVmLv00/s320/PINTURAS-BARROCAS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pintura de Caravagio<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt;">BARROCO NO BRASIL<o:p></o:p></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">barroco brasileiro</span></strong> foi diretamente influenciado pelo barroco português, porém, com o tempo, foi assumindo <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">características</span></strong> próprias. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A grande produção artística barroca no Brasil ocorreu nas cidade auríferas de Minas Gerais, no chamado século do ouro (século XVIII). Estas cidades eram ricas e possuíam um intensa vida cultura e artística em pleno desenvolvimento.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O principal representante do <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">barroco</span></strong> mineiro foi o escultor e arquiteto Antônio Francisco de Lisboa também conhecido como Aleijadinho. Sua obras, de forte caráter religioso, eram feitas em madeira e pedra-sabão, os principais materiais usados pelos artistas barrocos do Brasil.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Podemos citar algumas obras de Aleijadinho : Os Doze Profetas e Os Passos da Paixão, na Igreja de Bom Jesus de Matozinhos, em Congonhas do Campo (MG).<br />
Outros artistas importantes do <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">barroco</span></strong> brasileiro foram: o pintor mineiro Manuel da Costa Ataíde e o escultor carioca Mestre Valentim. No estado da Bahia, o barroco destacou-se na decoração das igrejas em Salvador como, por exemplo, de São Francisco de Assis e a da Ordem Terceira de São Francisco. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvfGT2GT5fCxOTFxgExMePqIu5xcE19l701YbJ1bSXZwVyDYfpy-2ZnacoEEMt0gU-FDaadCvARQrAYgccw-8U4qDF7Eal_AMcrBh9auGd9JLDTE38broPDSPiihVW-hxuDTVXm2L_5wA/s1600/a+ultima+ceia+mestre+ataide%255B4%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvfGT2GT5fCxOTFxgExMePqIu5xcE19l701YbJ1bSXZwVyDYfpy-2ZnacoEEMt0gU-FDaadCvARQrAYgccw-8U4qDF7Eal_AMcrBh9auGd9JLDTE38broPDSPiihVW-hxuDTVXm2L_5wA/s400/a+ultima+ceia+mestre+ataide%255B4%255D.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pintura do mestre Ataídes Minas Gerais</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfL15sJMvUQj0cbiTZ5Sb47ZZOzeRGHAlbSqh4DCprkv6AmE0TRKFam-eWD_2hpwFnw4ED5pWWddzQeKfDayVGfQyRITvkvTjFeC5Abx2xAl5X4B11X9jhW0Fxy5AUgyhKp5uHaUhbU44/s1600/congprofetas_nov06.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfL15sJMvUQj0cbiTZ5Sb47ZZOzeRGHAlbSqh4DCprkv6AmE0TRKFam-eWD_2hpwFnw4ED5pWWddzQeKfDayVGfQyRITvkvTjFeC5Abx2xAl5X4B11X9jhW0Fxy5AUgyhKp5uHaUhbU44/s400/congprofetas_nov06.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Escultura Barroca de Aleijadinho (os doze profetas)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbxCLmWlEird-17zCmBQsqCtBA3tTYL1hgmoR53a2J26i38_5HA89fqb6_3lJTHFIftdlDH_3szA9vb3TpfqQba0bCNArzYPaTrOxWGykrATSIDlgH3JddZAy7_LLyOEsim9ZlBn3jK-g/s1600/anjo+mestre+valentim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbxCLmWlEird-17zCmBQsqCtBA3tTYL1hgmoR53a2J26i38_5HA89fqb6_3lJTHFIftdlDH_3szA9vb3TpfqQba0bCNArzYPaTrOxWGykrATSIDlgH3JddZAy7_LLyOEsim9ZlBn3jK-g/s400/anjo+mestre+valentim.jpg" width="289" /></a></div><o:p></o:p><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Escultura de Mestre Valentin Bahia</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-44903800833120139302011-09-07T13:05:00.000-07:002011-09-07T13:05:33.683-07:00A HISTÓRIA DA ARQUITETURA<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span></b></div><br />
<div class="textopeq" style="margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22pt; mso-ansi-language: PT;">A história da Arquitetura<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="textopeq" style="margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT;">A <b>arquitectura</b> <sup>(<a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Português_europeu" title="Português europeu"><span style="color: black;">português europeu</span></a>)</sup> ou <b>arquitetura</b> <sup>(<a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Português_brasileiro" title="Português brasileiro"><span style="color: black;">português brasileiro</span></a>)</sup> (do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/LÃngua_grega" title="Língua grega"><span style="color: black;">grego</span></a> <i>arché</i> — αρχή — significando "primeiro" ou "principal" e <i>tékton</i> — τέχνη — significando "construção") refere-se à <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte"><span style="color: black;">arte</span></a> ou a <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Técnica" title="Técnica"><span style="color: black;">técnica</span></a> de projetar e edificar o ambiente habitado pelo <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_humano" title="Ser humano"><span style="color: black;">ser humano</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="textopeq" style="margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A história da arquitetura está diretamente relacionada à evolução humana. A arquitetura passou a existir quando o homem começou a construir para se proteger de predadores e dos fenômenos naturais. Novas demandas sociais (como o crescimento das civilizações, a necessidade de interligação entre cidades, o abastecimento de água, a consolidação de crenças religiosas) ou mesmo a simples busca por formas agradáveis aos olhos forçaram a humanidade a buscar novos materiais, novas ferramentas e técnicas de construção. É assim que a arquitetura continua evoluindo até hoje.</span></div><div class="textopeq" style="margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikaw9y792SM9RlkOZe9Gwk4AGTtwXCStmZzusUYcJ3-xfmg2npuuQGKfiuyTD3XtWNNkKuNemyyngtXGaYOsJC3cgrHdjrdfhinJ2c6fmp53PlXZ9l5KTvUknA6wtmV1oRowlMrynatOM/s1600/imagem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikaw9y792SM9RlkOZe9Gwk4AGTtwXCStmZzusUYcJ3-xfmg2npuuQGKfiuyTD3XtWNNkKuNemyyngtXGaYOsJC3cgrHdjrdfhinJ2c6fmp53PlXZ9l5KTvUknA6wtmV1oRowlMrynatOM/s400/imagem.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="textopeq" style="margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Em locais onde não era possível secar a lama ao sol, era difícil confeccionar o tijolo cru. A solução encontrada no sétimo milênio a.C. por povos da Europa Central e da Ásia Central foi usar argila ou areia e madeirame (estrutura de tábuas de madeira entrelaçadas), numa técnica semelhante à das construções de <b><a href="http://www.educacional.com.br/enciclopedia/enciclopesq.asp?query=pau-a-pique" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">pau-a-pique</span></a></b> — técnica muito usada no Nordeste do Brasil.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="textopeq" style="margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contudo, fazer uma casa para morar não era a única manifestação arquitetônica dos povos pré-históricos. Alguns se dedicavam à construção de tumbas para os mortos e templos de pedra para os deuses.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbfoogh_lAWw_kN9PaHQx7V26cceyJqT4T6pyOAp3Xh-1mrmJAQ1D7ddQKzGjLbkHqFj_RdxxuNFaeRXiQvWPsdMuy5DFJHVjnVw0Mkva1pYKcBguaqjkIt8P1rNTJDZhAwM2wTHqSu4/s1600/4812.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbfoogh_lAWw_kN9PaHQx7V26cceyJqT4T6pyOAp3Xh-1mrmJAQ1D7ddQKzGjLbkHqFj_RdxxuNFaeRXiQvWPsdMuy5DFJHVjnVw0Mkva1pYKcBguaqjkIt8P1rNTJDZhAwM2wTHqSu4/s400/4812.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arquitetura Egípcia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">No quarto milênio a.C., a união política de povos que habitavam as margens do Rio Nilo deu origem à civilização egípcia. Assim como os povos da Pré-História, as principais construções egípcias eram templos para seus deuses e túmulos para seus faraós. Da mesma forma que alguns povos contemporâneos, os egípcios utilizavam tijolos crus. Mas, por acreditarem na idéia de que tudo deveria durar para sempre, necessitavam de um material mais durável. A solução encontrada foi desenvolver técnicas de construção com pedras.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uma das inovações dos egípcios foi a utilização de encaixes de madeira que permitiam empilhar as pedras sem a necessidade de usar massa para prendê-las umas às outras. Graças a essa técnica, eles conseguiram construir colunas de pedra, em vez de madeira, e, conseqüentemente, edificações maiores e com coberturas mais pesadas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Além de utilizar esse método na construção de templos, os egípcios o utilizaram para fazer túmulos. Originalmente, as pessoas eram enterradas em tumbas escavadas na rocha, a exemplo de muitos outros povos pré-históricos. Com o tempo, para marcar os túmulos dos faraós e tentar protegê-los de ladrões, eles passaram a empilhar tijolos sobre os túmulos, gerando uma estrutura conhecida atualmente como mastaba. E, à medida que foram desenvolvendo suas técnicas de construção, foram substituindo os tijolos por pedras.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"><br />
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</tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arquitetura Grega<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Apesar de manter uma forte ligação com a religiosidade, a arquitetura grega se destaca pelo grande valor dado à razão. Em tudo que produziam e construíam, os gregos buscavam alcançar o máximo da perfeição por meio de cálculos matemáticos e geométricos, regras, proporções e perspectiva. As esculturas, a perfeição geométrica dos templos gregos, a organização e o planejamento das cidades gregas e seus teatros destacam-se no curso da história da arquitetura. Por tudo isso, e também pela beleza, a arquitetura grega é chamada de clássica.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXkKBsZ3kkqzDj620d8fpNwXvvIWnqHYR95VMYTuUR0rfhdUvb0vuJKTtBJR2EKkIdG57K8X35EbIpNJ1dphSs2ogV9NQByD_JfNyaMQrzEN5w4k9uAhshynRdU7lxcjPJIexMy3YkZ7g/s1600/GRECIA_ATENAS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXkKBsZ3kkqzDj620d8fpNwXvvIWnqHYR95VMYTuUR0rfhdUvb0vuJKTtBJR2EKkIdG57K8X35EbIpNJ1dphSs2ogV9NQByD_JfNyaMQrzEN5w4k9uAhshynRdU7lxcjPJIexMy3YkZ7g/s400/GRECIA_ATENAS.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">As construções gregas mais famosas foram feitas de mármore. Esse elemento começou a ser usado no século VI a.C., juntamente com técnicas de encaixe semelhantes às dos egípcios — que utilizavam madeira. Com o passar do tempo, após o domínio da confecção do ferro, os gregos substituíram o encaixe de madeira por encaixes e dobradiças de metal, dando mais resistência às suas estruturas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arquitetura Romana<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A arquitetura romana foi bastante influenciada pelos gregos (templos, caráter realista, preocupação com o belo). Também foi direcionada pelo grande espírito guerreiro e prático dos próprios romanos. Suas conquistas eram celebradas com esculturas, monumentos, obeliscos e arcos de triunfo. Mas as principais marcas deixadas pelos romanos foram as estradas construídas em linha reta — para facilitar o deslocamento rápido das legiões de guerreiros — e os aquedutos para abastecer e desenvolver as colônias romanas espalhadas pelos territórios conquistados.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinnU8nbYOZ2YYv_F46CInUuCQnhztsTPX5UQwz5T7Z2hfvHceuEsP6s8PsG-TZHgNTud-Ndk8I_2A325HLZD_XcSq4XGk-VnxPNm1gZQZa7e0a_RtoSYxFmrP3WleuFt0XxWu1jmpJUmA/s1600/4_estrada_romana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinnU8nbYOZ2YYv_F46CInUuCQnhztsTPX5UQwz5T7Z2hfvHceuEsP6s8PsG-TZHgNTud-Ndk8I_2A325HLZD_XcSq4XGk-VnxPNm1gZQZa7e0a_RtoSYxFmrP3WleuFt0XxWu1jmpJUmA/s400/4_estrada_romana.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="display: none; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 370px;"><tbody>
<tr style="display: none; height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 7.5pt; padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;">Foto: Aroldo Virginio da Silva<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 1.5pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Imagem_x0020_28" o:spid="_x0000_i1047" style="height: 186pt; visibility: visible; width: 277.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="flickr-panteao-aroldo" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image045.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 16.5pt; padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;">O Panteão Romano, cuja cúpula só foi possível construir com o opus <i>cimenticum</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 15pt; padding: 1.5pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 7.5pt; padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;">Foto: Mírian Bruckschen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 1.5pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Imagem_x0020_29" o:spid="_x0000_i1048" style="height: 186pt; visibility: visible; width: 277.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="flickr-panteao-mirianb" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image046.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 16.5pt; padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;">O Panteão Romano, cuja cúpula só foi possível construir com o opus <i>cimenticum</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 15pt; padding: 1.5pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 7.5pt; padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;">Foto: Raquel Moreno © 2006<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 1.5pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Imagem_x0020_30" o:spid="_x0000_i1049" style="height: 277.5pt; visibility: visible; width: 208.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="panteao3" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 16.5pt; padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all;">O Panteão Romano, cuja cúpula só foi possível construir com o opus <i>cimenticum</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Os romanos não habitavam um território quente o suficiente para a produção de tijolos crus de boa qualidade e não tinham acesso a pedreiras de mármore até conquistarem a Grécia. Portanto, precisaram buscar um outro tipo de material para usar em suas construções. A solução encontrada foi o <i>opus cementicium</i>, uma mistura de areia vulcânica com calcário e ladrilhos quebrados, um “ancestral” do cimento. Com essa massa, eles conseguiram construir estruturas monumentais, como a cúpula do Panteão, que tem 43,2 m de altura e nenhum pilar de sustentação.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arquitetura na Idade Média<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A Idade Média, período que compreende cerca de 10 séculos (V a XV), foi a época da construção de algumas das igrejas mais importantes da História, que são referência até hoje, principalmente no mundo cristão. Uma marca registrada da Idade Média são as catedrais góticas, que têm como maior exemplo a Catedral de Notre Dame, em Paris, construída entre 1163 e 1250. São igrejas gigantescas, que simbolizam a tentativa de alcançar os limites celestes e tocar, com suas torres pontiagudas, em Deus. Altas e espaçosas, serviam para acolher em seu interior o maior número possível de fiéis, o que era difícil de se fazer nas igrejas de estilo românico.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipyggDYJoq_gSsJ_0IVYStx3-oQm1jy4d4a2qx4RbUODYyeioH1HjwM18yKJMBc4DHKxcuhWLEzh_Nh1yRZoyXr3A6Qu-tjo_3pgbx_4T58JNiGz83GolevvMLA2_pb_HKBLLBMB8fVLc/s1600/Catedral+Notre+Dame.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="387" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipyggDYJoq_gSsJ_0IVYStx3-oQm1jy4d4a2qx4RbUODYyeioH1HjwM18yKJMBc4DHKxcuhWLEzh_Nh1yRZoyXr3A6Qu-tjo_3pgbx_4T58JNiGz83GolevvMLA2_pb_HKBLLBMB8fVLc/s400/Catedral+Notre+Dame.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVriAmKMlLcdvQ0DsX9eCe5pMFTk_4gzOlfCUvG2lY3d09ihdXoVKYu5l2BKoS4IQoyUiR6uDrydOW2Y4hsEjmXLhDsKPdESt-NFXBT7MUUZVMcd4Nd-cCjC5KVjLr09ftiJAaEK1os8Q/s1600/3640917.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVriAmKMlLcdvQ0DsX9eCe5pMFTk_4gzOlfCUvG2lY3d09ihdXoVKYu5l2BKoS4IQoyUiR6uDrydOW2Y4hsEjmXLhDsKPdESt-NFXBT7MUUZVMcd4Nd-cCjC5KVjLr09ftiJAaEK1os8Q/s400/3640917.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQfqzbVBxjkopsmff-xlVFHFgPtEVEnh-ozYmPWsCKE42n8d55e20LtwKaiOvYd0wp5_2htVaQZ_48da3WQQdilK94hZe96BTt1CFea3-56nMSQV1bQXhxklC5xxj-qSCuTtmDaFnmA7w/s1600/1873044.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQfqzbVBxjkopsmff-xlVFHFgPtEVEnh-ozYmPWsCKE42n8d55e20LtwKaiOvYd0wp5_2htVaQZ_48da3WQQdilK94hZe96BTt1CFea3-56nMSQV1bQXhxklC5xxj-qSCuTtmDaFnmA7w/s400/1873044.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Para dar suporte à tamanha grandeza, surgiram inovações arquitetônicas, como os arcobotantes, que escoravam as altas paredes externamente para liberar o interior da igreja; colunas nervuradas mais delicadas e capazes de suportar maior peso; arcos ogivais responsáveis pela elevação vertical da construção e pela distribuição do peso das abóbadas em vários pontos simultaneamente. Na decoração interna, destacam-se <a href="javascript://"><b><u><span style="color: windowtext;">rosáceas</span></u></b></a> e vitrais muito coloridos e trabalhados, que causam um mágico efeito de luzes, cores e sombras.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arquitetura do Renascimento<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="13" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 9.7pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 30pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); height: 30pt; padding: 0cm;"> <div class="textopeq" style="margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O Renascimento está associado a idéias como razão, humanismo e antropocentrismo — o pensamento de que o homem está no centro de tudo. É aí que começa a aparecer o nome do autor de cada obra de arte ou construção, elevando a figura do artista e do arquiteto (funções que, em muitos casos, eram exercidas pela mesma pessoa). São dessa época nomes como Brunelleschi, Bramante, Palladio, Michelangelo, Rafael e Leonardo da Vinci, ainda hoje lembrados e admirados.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="textopeq" style="margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O futuro desses homens acabou se desenvolvendo graças ao passado de outro: o arquiteto romano Vitrúvio. O achado de seus famosos dez livros proporcionou aos renascentistas noções e técnicas de perspectiva, proporções e planejamento (incluindo a construção de maquetes).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="textopeq" style="margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Da mesma forma que na Idade Média, as principais construções do Renascimento foram catedrais, com destaque para as cúpulas, assim como na Roma Antiga. Os principais exemplos são a cúpula da Basílica de São Pedro, em Roma (idealizada por Bramante e finalizada entre 1588 e 1591 por Michelangelo e Giacomo della Porta) e a cúpula de duas conchas, em Florença. A cúpula de Florença foi construída entre 1420 e 1436 e idealizada por Brunelleschi, o pioneiro da arquitetura renascentista.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOc2F2bLWpRsINmgex97DBA16oZz5TC8o1eLVOZS-xZJLT5hTYIN0vN4KDcmaum8j2NsqqAEF-MjBnFI1HdLUVMRjPva8UAjJcWaUkgHgHPLrMKxWSksQMMDmy35GTPcOnlG7X6lNOTpE/s1600/renascimento_basilica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOc2F2bLWpRsINmgex97DBA16oZz5TC8o1eLVOZS-xZJLT5hTYIN0vN4KDcmaum8j2NsqqAEF-MjBnFI1HdLUVMRjPva8UAjJcWaUkgHgHPLrMKxWSksQMMDmy35GTPcOnlG7X6lNOTpE/s400/renascimento_basilica.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM93ZI9qzjzTkTS5_TYvdluSMmASwK4MqGQyZ9hsRZdPhVT2bevpJHA7_cB5_yWmt0dVTRL4DR1RFXpxxcjs_pAV1nKHheO12LV7aieGIqQ5RMMam2_UX7apTs_jkxuW8GJ-t8E9THs8A/s1600/SEM_TT%257E1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM93ZI9qzjzTkTS5_TYvdluSMmASwK4MqGQyZ9hsRZdPhVT2bevpJHA7_cB5_yWmt0dVTRL4DR1RFXpxxcjs_pAV1nKHheO12LV7aieGIqQ5RMMam2_UX7apTs_jkxuW8GJ-t8E9THs8A/s400/SEM_TT%257E1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="textopeq" style="margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arquitetura Moderna<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><h3 style="margin: 1em 0cm;"><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="PT" style="mso-ansi-language: PT;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_Contempor%C3%A2nea" title="Idade Contemporânea">Idade Contemporânea</a></span></span><span lang="PT" style="mso-ansi-language: PT;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As cidades passam a crescer de modo inédito e novas demandas sociais relativas ao controle do espaço urbano devem ser respondidas pelo Estado, o que acabará levando ao surgimento do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanismo" title="Urbanismo">urbanismo</a> como disciplina acadêmica. O papel da arquitetura (e do arquiteto) será constantemente questionado e novos paradigmas surgem: alguns críticos alegam que surge uma crise na produção arquitetônica que permeia todo o <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIX" title="Século XIX">século XIX</a> e somente será resolvida com o advento da <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_moderna" title="Arquitetura moderna">arquitetura moderna</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A arquitetura moderna passou a ser o estilo dominante no início do século XX. São várias as tendências modernistas, mas as mais difundidas buscavam romper com todos os padrões históricos anteriores. A ordem era priorizar a finalidade da obra e eliminar ao máximo os ornamentos. Pela primeira vez, residências e construções comerciais passaram a ter destaque arquitetônico. A prova disso é que, em vez de igrejas, catedrais e palácios, o principal marco do modernismo são gigantescos prédios de escritórios e apartamentos: os arranha-céus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_5rO1Y9vbPaSxGoMm84ycAFCSF7J_8kB5A3aDxY4TAipM-tZnpnQ5WTWqQFwek8p5_pp4_07BsJhGwKjI6iiI3zkxMR8rWUw00ztAjhe2PoUor_iHEpz10w0b58xPWZwOg65B29unilk/s1600/foto_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_5rO1Y9vbPaSxGoMm84ycAFCSF7J_8kB5A3aDxY4TAipM-tZnpnQ5WTWqQFwek8p5_pp4_07BsJhGwKjI6iiI3zkxMR8rWUw00ztAjhe2PoUor_iHEpz10w0b58xPWZwOg65B29unilk/s400/foto_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIXBzoL8EN-DSJ4C7yp2Ocq3LMzue6T77mrGBuBgbQJT-eRuQJnzmedMmiOOg_s_iyr4jFyvj_sYEkaKSRVaqipjE4baeKq1U_DxBW95gtdAUCPvj3d5pbBcGOcL-EJFf-V0rRecr9kG0/s1600/dubai.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIXBzoL8EN-DSJ4C7yp2Ocq3LMzue6T77mrGBuBgbQJT-eRuQJnzmedMmiOOg_s_iyr4jFyvj_sYEkaKSRVaqipjE4baeKq1U_DxBW95gtdAUCPvj3d5pbBcGOcL-EJFf-V0rRecr9kG0/s400/dubai.jpg" width="382" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-SK9bviNdKlgseBSQX1Clx8-kRVDkn4K8Tktbdfc6pDM-i7-cqW7sJSZTfSsyrBcpaUut116nymAeRuQBGSEEGRQ312Dgf_vZQaBDMNVtBPTHnJh6Lz8x1pdSoJnpQv9W2kXR8d97Idg/s1600/deathstar_hotel_opt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-SK9bviNdKlgseBSQX1Clx8-kRVDkn4K8Tktbdfc6pDM-i7-cqW7sJSZTfSsyrBcpaUut116nymAeRuQBGSEEGRQ312Dgf_vZQaBDMNVtBPTHnJh6Lz8x1pdSoJnpQv9W2kXR8d97Idg/s400/deathstar_hotel_opt.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2oBFr9mTm-WcVMbwM_NYcP5_grBYCmg13KUciUSMvWpOeVmJ3Co8OXUrZ3SXb_04nYQ2wBca8ES6I4931LV93nV2vPQnWY_lGsmHzgbWjUVj1FIv2JQ8J0yl78KEf-6paWw_jdC4Id3M/s400/dubai-1.jpg" width="400" /><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: black; border: 1pt black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-language: X-NONE; mso-border-alt: none black 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-width: 0%; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: black; border: 1pt black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-language: X-NONE; mso-border-alt: none black 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-width: 0%; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1058" style="height: 173.25pt; width: 236.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="dubai-1" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image064.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">O século XX foi o período em que o homem mais poluiu a Terra e explorou suas reservas naturais, levando muitas ao esgotamento. Isso nos leva a outra corrente que chama muito a atenção: a de obras ambientalmente sustentáveis, ou seja, que causem o menor impacto possível no meio ambiente. Provavelmente, o maior exemplo disso seja o “30 St Mary Axe”, em Londres, edifício de 180 metros que consome metade da energia que um prédio do mesmo porte.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></td><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div></tr>
<div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><td colspan="2" style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm; width: 412.95pt;" width="551"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">No Brasil, a arquitetura sofreu influência principalmente das construções europeias. É por isso que aqui, normalmente, fala-se da história da arquitetura com foco naquele continente. Mas, existem várias outras escolas arquitetônicas não-ocidentais que, apesar de não serem muito expressivas em nosso País, são bastante relevantes no contexto mundial. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT;"> Museu de Niterói<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbItn_jWPyJUW-tuarZYZcBvcJTeeNt2967Hi37Qd9X_NP1Hv_0ilihvg2DokYbLXTMe5qxHgi1yVeSPXK5mjRK3ntM0E_L-JmNBa61CzhnT_ltGX2_tCStsoAA6n5PwrqNYBmV6BH11E/s1600/congrnacional.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbItn_jWPyJUW-tuarZYZcBvcJTeeNt2967Hi37Qd9X_NP1Hv_0ilihvg2DokYbLXTMe5qxHgi1yVeSPXK5mjRK3ntM0E_L-JmNBa61CzhnT_ltGX2_tCStsoAA6n5PwrqNYBmV6BH11E/s400/congrnacional.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> Congresso Nacional<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-84350047484452568262011-09-07T11:58:00.000-07:002011-09-07T11:59:03.433-07:00A HISTÓRIA DA ARTE DO CINEMA<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> </v:stroke></v:shapetype></span></b></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">A história do Cinema<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAiV6109nH3v1a5ZB7eOXNPFrbgFJYds-rG1lVJQH1aqa436TgCjVDK56rovT4gkmrVP3bj4yA0-19rWiXpz7fBWhJz99jDjIUXz1VWmqopDC73sB7gKsgNVk7MRG-YS0UN7ljcjArmjM/s1600/starwars5dvd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAiV6109nH3v1a5ZB7eOXNPFrbgFJYds-rG1lVJQH1aqa436TgCjVDK56rovT4gkmrVP3bj4yA0-19rWiXpz7fBWhJz99jDjIUXz1VWmqopDC73sB7gKsgNVk7MRG-YS0UN7ljcjArmjM/s400/starwars5dvd.jpg" width="270" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A primeira seção de cinema da História aconteceu em 1895, num café parisiense. O evento foi possível graças a uma máquina capaz de produzir imagens em movimento, o cinematógrafo, inventada pelos irmãos Louis e Auguste Lumière. Em pouco tempo, o cinema popularizou-se.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O Cinema foi inventado no final do século XIX, na França, quando os irmãos Lumière aperfeiçoaram a técnica de projetar várias fotografias, chamadas fotogramas, que representavam imagens de momentos sucessivos de um personagem ou objeto. Assim, criava-se ilusão do movimento. Apartir de então, começoua indústria<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>do cinema. Teve muito êxito, porque as pessoas gostam de ver histórias com imagens em movimento.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Os Estados Unidos tornaram-se o centro mundial do cinema. Entre os anos 20 e 40, os estúdios norte-americanos produziam 95% dos filmes exibidos. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No início, o cinema era em preto e branco e não tinha som, era “mudo”. Para saber o que diziam os personagens, era preciso ler cartazes que ser alternavam com as imagens. Mais tarde, inventou-se a maneira de acrescentar o som. Hoje em dia, o cinema é em cores e com som.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O cinema progrediu com avanços técnicos constantes. Na década de 50, a televisão abalou a indútria cinematográfica, que hoje parece renascer. Outros países importantes na história do cinema são a Russia, a França e o Japão.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">A linguagem do Cinema<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O cinema é uma arte que possui suas próprias formas de expressão. Uma delas é a utilização de vários tipos de planos. Esses planos têm os mesmos nomes que na fotografia: plano geral, plano médio, primeiro plano, etc. O diretor tem um roteiro técnico, que é um texto no qualaparecem não só as falas dos atores, mas também como eles serão filmados em cada momento, ou seja, com que tipo de plano.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Para fazer filmes, utilizam-se recursos especiais. O mais importante deles é a montagem, que é a ordenação das diferentes tomadas (A tomada é a duração de uma cena, desde que a câmera começa a filmar até o corte da filmagem.) que foram feitas separadamente, em diferentes momentos e em diferentes lugares. Com várias tomadas, uma atrás da outra, vai se organizando o filme. Por exemplo, num filme em que há duas pessoas passeando por um jardim, pode-se ter uma tomada de um plano geral onde aparece ojardim e se vêem, ao longe, ao longe, as duas pessoas. A seguir, pode-se montar um plano médio onde se vêem as duas pessoas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Depois pode-se montar um plano médio onde se veem as duas pessoas até a cintura, olhando uma para outra. E depois pode entrar uma tomada, com o primeiro plano, onde se vê o rosto da pessoa que está falando.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHrAWCDx6UfpacCxAjHQXy71uZzde1C1Ld01iNzKKevg50vrpRtJJ70-OorIrGadK2MsskE1hBCqUYmZFZZinx6IfXiedfp8sPYV8XxUkzRtU3_rcDhPW35CUgY_JPvajk58gHip6TBAo/s1600/DSC000%257E1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHrAWCDx6UfpacCxAjHQXy71uZzde1C1Ld01iNzKKevg50vrpRtJJ70-OorIrGadK2MsskE1hBCqUYmZFZZinx6IfXiedfp8sPYV8XxUkzRtU3_rcDhPW35CUgY_JPvajk58gHip6TBAo/s400/DSC000%257E1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plano Geral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWdzfqt4DEWxbDbLb7jN864MiKBuhaYiYvQw7X4100_j2irEUmqhIvXBVKJSApDvzf5qtrYztabU596x82Najfr1yB3LgyKdILE50u5k4JX9he0J1ayvhMmZJ4pf4dWKqCqOtXIj0LtoY/s1600/Diabovesteprada.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWdzfqt4DEWxbDbLb7jN864MiKBuhaYiYvQw7X4100_j2irEUmqhIvXBVKJSApDvzf5qtrYztabU596x82Najfr1yB3LgyKdILE50u5k4JX9he0J1ayvhMmZJ4pf4dWKqCqOtXIj0LtoY/s400/Diabovesteprada.jpg" width="307" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> Plano de conjunto<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5uC6TkRR6iRKj9T1Ebv7Njnjkh0gd0iFixUUD-TnEy_09KRXLZpgG09Paq6OTqbOV_bzaA9r_DnuBUXy8IrgkIxVg9hQOOncP7atd69rb7OvQmeaiwdbelb6-IYkt5QMb5zTG6MZYa7Y/s1600/plano-medio.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5uC6TkRR6iRKj9T1Ebv7Njnjkh0gd0iFixUUD-TnEy_09KRXLZpgG09Paq6OTqbOV_bzaA9r_DnuBUXy8IrgkIxVg9hQOOncP7atd69rb7OvQmeaiwdbelb6-IYkt5QMb5zTG6MZYa7Y/s400/plano-medio.jpg" width="266" /></a><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> Plano médio<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs1s-AqSX8M82KeLy8IHo9owc5sjw94VL276fwphpHkTsn9E7h9npyXKPO9yZ5o2OFyXujEL_68Ui7QnzQvcMmwQlguD0hclSeYIAS_yfws9oWNQL9TJ0fDiJX3OMjcnuSS2lwjdLCF10/s1600/Thor_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs1s-AqSX8M82KeLy8IHo9owc5sjw94VL276fwphpHkTsn9E7h9npyXKPO9yZ5o2OFyXujEL_68Ui7QnzQvcMmwQlguD0hclSeYIAS_yfws9oWNQL9TJ0fDiJX3OMjcnuSS2lwjdLCF10/s320/Thor_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> Primeiro plano</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnbp34sJ4C_XA2ZIrVnC6vibhaTydZFBjp8F_ABtsMvBygTKs0zfmotKzt051kHhhdTSv0uAJYucqWmmMVTrzjPxFGVqQQSqK-idW4QWGuhg5VIAfmja4WZUl_FRSp238LILPbe_qNPS0/s1600/olhos_azuis.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnbp34sJ4C_XA2ZIrVnC6vibhaTydZFBjp8F_ABtsMvBygTKs0zfmotKzt051kHhhdTSv0uAJYucqWmmMVTrzjPxFGVqQQSqK-idW4QWGuhg5VIAfmja4WZUl_FRSp238LILPbe_qNPS0/s400/olhos_azuis.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plano Detalhe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK9UTV9iMzz_eyTfrHA_sGjqPmVbX9_eImeFgfoMDAQrLbLj629aBVtB6SrXJR6_G3zLp6muvJpu1frZlxZZ7bzRO5lhAZPKWAwZuQ9znMgs9KKl_aJMnW1BuNvrIp-1DVRXGTaAcjIdM/s1600/picado.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK9UTV9iMzz_eyTfrHA_sGjqPmVbX9_eImeFgfoMDAQrLbLj629aBVtB6SrXJR6_G3zLp6muvJpu1frZlxZZ7bzRO5lhAZPKWAwZuQ9znMgs9KKl_aJMnW1BuNvrIp-1DVRXGTaAcjIdM/s400/picado.jpg" width="400" /></a><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plano Picado<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicdsqffPwqP2e2eZhJOZZNXB29VYArBhyphenhyphengyUck1-G1YgoHBDi9UDnwrzUJnrV1RKioY5dFzR9MWAKdcqb4I6DKeQPvWww1POTbP277xWjdhaKIaajKLHCKf0a1ckKfCQRoBbmwQDFey_k/s1600/contrapicado.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicdsqffPwqP2e2eZhJOZZNXB29VYArBhyphenhyphengyUck1-G1YgoHBDi9UDnwrzUJnrV1RKioY5dFzR9MWAKdcqb4I6DKeQPvWww1POTbP277xWjdhaKIaajKLHCKf0a1ckKfCQRoBbmwQDFey_k/s400/contrapicado.jpg" width="400" /></a><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> Plano contra picado<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyAsXw9H-dh2q_jw7vu3pybzSUATfjtesiov_1zSbGa0TWt9CSe0caHS7cvbknPfCC0LZXkBgRamfsMpngpjlWsX_qVK8JDB4SIArwt7Bfi5AMknIHXL2mXztTLQ5ZrxluxlUQR7BRiEI/s1600/juan-angulo-sao-paulo-afp-600.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyAsXw9H-dh2q_jw7vu3pybzSUATfjtesiov_1zSbGa0TWt9CSe0caHS7cvbknPfCC0LZXkBgRamfsMpngpjlWsX_qVK8JDB4SIArwt7Bfi5AMknIHXL2mXztTLQ5ZrxluxlUQR7BRiEI/s400/juan-angulo-sao-paulo-afp-600.jpg" width="400" /></a><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plano Normal <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No cinema é possível conseguir efeitos que não podem ser conseguidos na fotografia, como os que resultam dos movimentos da câmera. A câmera se move para cima, para baixo ou para os lados, com o olhar de uma pessoa. Existe um efeito chamado <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">travelling , </i>que consiste em fazer com que a câmera se desloque enquanto se filma. Isso se consegue deslocando a câmera e o operador que a maneja sobre uma plataforma com rodas, que é empurrada sobre trilhos. Também se faz movendo a cãmera com a ajuda de guidastes. O resultado pode ser a imagem de pessoas ou de um edifício que se distanciam ou se aproximam em relação ao espectador.<b> </b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOPOrjbAOc1Zb5h1IVMI9p_E_j4K_HsTKybc7k1xj9rDPBudhBATEIQQQ7KeuKcmymee6DfyOtdjc_-5AC_3-mfN1N47-1BfjxYGV0pFCoDqH2n1GViS0KUNytC-xi4h2zT6nGGsQ9JNA/s1600/9071147.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOPOrjbAOc1Zb5h1IVMI9p_E_j4K_HsTKybc7k1xj9rDPBudhBATEIQQQ7KeuKcmymee6DfyOtdjc_-5AC_3-mfN1N47-1BfjxYGV0pFCoDqH2n1GViS0KUNytC-xi4h2zT6nGGsQ9JNA/s1600/9071147.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCjFlHy5F8ggCN0lhMWJOxI4o0qI6RMDRB4EY8gr8wX0SRXoUyyC_FO5H4L22k8-4nlhJMkdN_nJUWCvzP0KJiBs4iHQHt1Hb44BYhRLE5K2C4-YvBu3pwVgVtqHmrWRquUxdlYnZNJWg/s1600/cayenne_11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCjFlHy5F8ggCN0lhMWJOxI4o0qI6RMDRB4EY8gr8wX0SRXoUyyC_FO5H4L22k8-4nlhJMkdN_nJUWCvzP0KJiBs4iHQHt1Hb44BYhRLE5K2C4-YvBu3pwVgVtqHmrWRquUxdlYnZNJWg/s1600/cayenne_11.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8z53RO3Y4dLNbEACXGAptZzfUI5Mb6E3PIfk3MmRr6mFlP59qF1Mz5DSKrsZaSGjxPQD9WLYSBwCt0xcgZTayK5rLFIj0bKsOaK9mg6eTaJIHErTmzCp3g8WmnfSIqbMr15a-MD6Cfk/s1600/imag053.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8z53RO3Y4dLNbEACXGAptZzfUI5Mb6E3PIfk3MmRr6mFlP59qF1Mz5DSKrsZaSGjxPQD9WLYSBwCt0xcgZTayK5rLFIj0bKsOaK9mg6eTaJIHErTmzCp3g8WmnfSIqbMr15a-MD6Cfk/s320/imag053.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Video Clipe<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O vídeoclipe é uma produção audivisual que tem imagens especiais para acompanhar músicas. Os vídeoclipes são transmitidos com muita frequencia pela televisão, em programas de difusão musical. Tem uma duração breve e devem comunicar muitas coisas em pouco tempo. Como conseguem? Com mudanças muito rápidas de imagens, que com frequencia seguem o rítmo da música.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As imagens de alguns vídeoclipes narram as mesmas histórias das letras das músicas. Nesse caso, é comum aparecerem poucas cenas. Com frequencia, os músicos e os cantores também aparecem nos vídoclipes.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAzKdI_WJzuY4nvBanUUHSqn-hffc87O4sVBUTYKjUMGlshp2lFHxyG2fgyGoS3mL7FtH7dQNsgo7hDm-4iAaK5ztE48GUeVDLvVFWBB-AgE4_Edc5ZoecJk8xO-L4bXGjyEAsPoBK26s/s1600/108978.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAzKdI_WJzuY4nvBanUUHSqn-hffc87O4sVBUTYKjUMGlshp2lFHxyG2fgyGoS3mL7FtH7dQNsgo7hDm-4iAaK5ztE48GUeVDLvVFWBB-AgE4_Edc5ZoecJk8xO-L4bXGjyEAsPoBK26s/s400/108978.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Os ofícios do cinema <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quando assistimos a um filme, só vemos o trabalho dos atores e das atrizes. Mas, para a sua realização é necessário o trabalho de muitas pessoas:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O roteirista escreve o texto da história e os diálogos dos personagens.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O diretor coordena o trabalho de todas as pessoas envolvidas na realização do filme. É o responsável pelo resultado final.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O diretor de fotografia é um especialista que decide que tipo de iluminação tem de usado, que tipo de lente, de filme, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Os compositores e os músicos são os responsáveis pela trilha sonora do filme. Não tocam emquanto se filma, mas gravam suas músicas e depois o diretor decide onde colocá-las.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O técnico em efeitos especiais é a pessoa que se encarrega de realizar os efeitos sonoros e visuais que são acrescentados às cenas filmadas: muitos efeitos especiais são feitos por computador.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O técnico de som se encarrega de gravar o som direto do que acontece na filmagem: o que dizem os personagens, o ruído das risadas, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O operador de câmera maneja a câmera que filma aa imagens.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Os montadores ou editores são os encarregados de ordenar e juntar as cenas que o diretor escolheu e que foram filmadas saparadamente. Também ordena e sincrinizam a trilha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sonora.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O produtor é o encarregado de conseguir o dinheiro e organizar tudo o que é necessário para poder fazer um filme.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Cinema mudo<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Os primeiros filmes eram mudos:legendas projetadas na tela explicavam o que acontecia. Na sala de exibição, um pianista acompanhava</span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> a ação com a música adequada para cada cena: rápida, quando se tratava de uma perseguição; suave, quando o par romântico aparecia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Desde o início, inventores e produtores tentaram casar a imagem com um som sincronizado. Mas nenhuma técnica deu certo até a década de 20. O primeiro filme sonoro surgiu em 1927, conquistando a imediata aceitação do público. Assim sendo, durante 30 anos os filmes eram praticamente silenciosos sendo acompanhados muitas vezes de música ao vivo, outras vezes de efeitos especiais e narração e diálogos escritos presentes entre cenas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRFz58bOM-rG5zJSRGSXfdNqRDrbWxzTJagwV2xGmsAkAhko_i0-kNeaKeg_2OS9-6G3PKFMoXCqdklOHxZjOKtFLgSRhVN0lHHJ4rJmTr3j5E2xVNhv2BwMFHMkNXMCb6XImIfSnGTMc/s1600/matrix_oldschool.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRFz58bOM-rG5zJSRGSXfdNqRDrbWxzTJagwV2xGmsAkAhko_i0-kNeaKeg_2OS9-6G3PKFMoXCqdklOHxZjOKtFLgSRhVN0lHHJ4rJmTr3j5E2xVNhv2BwMFHMkNXMCb6XImIfSnGTMc/s400/matrix_oldschool.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">NE</span></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ainvenção do cinema, não cabe a uma única pessoa ou a um povo específico, foi resultado de trabalhos e curiosidade de muita gente em diferentes países. <o:p></o:p></span></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-80527108545590883882011-08-11T13:44:00.000-07:002011-08-11T13:44:36.606-07:00A HISTÓRIA DO TEATRO DE BONECOS<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></em></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><em><b><span style="font-size: 24.0pt;">A Magia dos Bonecos</span></b></em><span style="font-size: 24.0pt;"></span></div><div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A magia da arte milenar do Teatro de Bonecos que encanta adultos e crianças é uma das mais remotas maneiras de diversão entre a humanidade. Registros dessa forma de expressão artística existem desde a Pré-História. A origem do Teatro de Bonecos remonta ao Antigo Oriente, em países como a China, Índia, Java e Indonésia. Por intermédio dos mercadores foi se dispersando para a Europa, inclusive sendo usado durante a Idade Média como instrumento de evangelização. Mas com o Cristianismo, durante a Renascença, o Teatro de Bonecos ficou abafado.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVs3wnFhVwMPiFMW_Q7DTwXGePYV4ntz_6SUWSPgWIseGcFo0Fc2UaoI5OhZERmEAVZ4yQt8ZkiDvcIVJQd_t2rn73_mD4PnyYKOAbQVQUtGIWr7qWXc458nX5YcBdBunXp6iv5jW9hsw/s1600/FANTOCHES.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVs3wnFhVwMPiFMW_Q7DTwXGePYV4ntz_6SUWSPgWIseGcFo0Fc2UaoI5OhZERmEAVZ4yQt8ZkiDvcIVJQd_t2rn73_mD4PnyYKOAbQVQUtGIWr7qWXc458nX5YcBdBunXp6iv5jW9hsw/s400/FANTOCHES.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivxC61XxIihBdtxDeyFftJPrDu6KEr0IhxJDIEkua9Vmv-iMCFr-T8oBL0R3CxALGypfPJfJ3SAzpCSP7x3AuBtG37YdZM2a68MigYcLDNjdkXmLHtOrH2NGqOciQXe_Rw8ymPvHVXFCE/s1600/043.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivxC61XxIihBdtxDeyFftJPrDu6KEr0IhxJDIEkua9Vmv-iMCFr-T8oBL0R3CxALGypfPJfJ3SAzpCSP7x3AuBtG37YdZM2a68MigYcLDNjdkXmLHtOrH2NGqOciQXe_Rw8ymPvHVXFCE/s320/043.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> Na América, o surgimento do Teatro de Bonecos aconteceu por volta do século XVI, época dos grandes descobrimentos, o que contribuiu muito para sua divulgação no mundo inteiro. Confeccionado muitas vezes, semelhante à nossa imagem, o boneco se torna um ser misterioso em torno do qual podemos construir um mundo.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">No palco toma vida própria através das mãos do manipulador, conta história e transforma a vida numa magia que muitas vezes nos faz sair da realidade pelo seu grande poder de sugestão. Toda a sua expressão se concentra no movimento.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> O TEATRO DE FANTOCHES, DE BONECOS OU DE MARIONETES</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">é a expressão teatral que caracteriza as encenações realizadas, respectivamente, com fantoches, marionetes ou bonecos.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="http://static.infoescola.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/teatro-fantoche2.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Este instrumento teatral conferia aos seres que os utilizavam poderes mágicos, caracterizando-os como personas intermediárias entre os povos primitivos e seus deuses. As pessoas conferiam tal sacralidade ao fantoche que ele realmente parecia sustentá-las espiritualmente.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ao se tornar portador do fantoche, o personagem adquiria poderes que o convertia em um profeta, um ser sagrado, um exorcista. Portanto, somente um iniciado nos conhecimentos sacros poderia usar suas mãos para dar vida ao fantoche, em uma cerimônia especialmente preparada para essa encenação.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na era clássica os fantoches estavam dispostos principalmente dentro dos templos; eram bonecos de grande porte conduzidos igualmente durante as procissões de iniciação. Eles se desenvolvem particularmente a partir do século VII, com a adoção de estátuas semelhantes ao Homem. Estes fantoches que imitam as feições humanas são então escolhidos cada vez mais para estes eventos religiosos, assumindo um estilo que ainda hoje marca as representações do teatro de fantoches.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Como esta modalidade lembrava demais os antigos ritos animistas, a Igreja começou a proibir as encenações dentro dos templos. Esta atitude deu origem aos teatros itinerantes, os quais reduziram o porte de forma a poder circular aqui e ali com suas representações, especialmente pelas ruas e em festas empreendidas no interior dos palácios.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjseG_SI7xSfnoKHtDg7ZddP26pbyAwPxoH_N0cCn27tZX67p8W4eZsMa_CzXTWy1VwgInEkT4077FKAq6B0s_t9QugBLzGPvKYCUuf9Qf1Twht8MmTlJIc3SP58KxColRS1w7uwtQX8qc/s1600/giz+em+raposos_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjseG_SI7xSfnoKHtDg7ZddP26pbyAwPxoH_N0cCn27tZX67p8W4eZsMa_CzXTWy1VwgInEkT4077FKAq6B0s_t9QugBLzGPvKYCUuf9Qf1Twht8MmTlJIc3SP58KxColRS1w7uwtQX8qc/s400/giz+em+raposos_1.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ao longo do Renascimento eles são novamente resgatados no seio das Igrejas, apresentando-se também nos pátios residenciais e nas festas realizadas durante as feiras. A platéia se populariza e o teatro de fantoches assume uma postura mais satírica, impregnada de humor. Ele tem um papel importante nesse período, chegando até mesmo a preservar o Teatro Inglês quando este é interditado durante 18 anos.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seguindo a evolução histórica, os fantoches foram se transmutando conforme as necessidades de cada época, não se atendo jamais ao passado. Assim, eles estão sempre em metamorfose, constantemente assumindo novas formas. Esta modalidade teatral preserva sempre, porém, seu caráter ambulante, ao encenar seus espetáculos não só nos teatros convencionais, mas também nas ruas, nas praias, nos espaços ao ar livre diante das Igrejas.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br />
•<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TIPOS<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">-</span>DE<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">-</span>BONECOS</b><br />
Existem muitos tipos de bonecos. Cada tipo tem suas características específicas, e exige sua linguagem dramática especial. Certos tipos só se desenvolvem sob determinadas condições culturais e geográficas. Os tipos mais importantes são assim classificados:<br />
<b>FANTOCHES</b> - bonecos de mão ou de luva<br />
Esse tipo possui corpo de tecido, vazio, que o manipulador veste na mão; ele encaixa os dedos na cabeça e nos braços para movimentá-los. A figura é vista só da cintura para cima e geralmente não tem pernas. A cabeça pode ser feita de madeira, papier-maché, ou borracha, as mãos são de madeira ou de feltro. O modo de operação mais comum é usar o dedo indicador para a cabeça, e o polegar e o dedo máximo para os braços. Esse é o típico show de fantoches apresentado ao ar livre por toda a europa.<br />
A vantagem do fantoche ou boneco de mão é a sua agilidade e rapidez; a limitação é seu tamanho reduzido e os movimentos de braços pouco eficientes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx5I1DXDb06qJEWCoaJzfEOJ23Kjk3KkuWwIdu79qX9KYDraZhcQPByIo_fnArIhFVc2B4gRIG7Mjf76-x3SiGmPWZhhLFmzk-VPAkBDMsj1ujpDHLfwxYVd3yOJfuGniKWiraGrcrdQk/s1600/curso-gratuito-de-teatro-de-anima%25C3%25A7ao-sesi-am.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx5I1DXDb06qJEWCoaJzfEOJ23Kjk3KkuWwIdu79qX9KYDraZhcQPByIo_fnArIhFVc2B4gRIG7Mjf76-x3SiGmPWZhhLFmzk-VPAkBDMsj1ujpDHLfwxYVd3yOJfuGniKWiraGrcrdQk/s400/curso-gratuito-de-teatro-de-anima%25C3%25A7ao-sesi-am.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<b>BONECOS<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">-</span>DE<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">--</span>VARA</b><br />
São figuras também manipuladas por baixo, mas de tamanho grande, sustentadas por uma vara que atravessa todo o corpo, até a cabeça. Outras varas mais finas podem ser usadas para movimentar as mãos e, se necessário, as pernas. Esse tipo de figura é tradicional nas ilhas indonésias de Java e Bali, onde são chamadas de wayang golek. <br />
Em geral, o boneco de vara é adequado a peças de ritmo lento e solene, mas são muitas as suas potencialidades e grande a sua variedade. Porém é muito exigente quanto ao número de manipulares, exigindo sempre uma pessoa por boneco, e às vezes duas ou três para uma única figura.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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<b>MARIONETES<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">-</span>OU<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">-</span>BONECOS<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">-</span>DE<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">-</span>FIO</b><br />
São figuras grandes controladas por cima. Normalmente são movimentadas por cordões ou fios que vão dos membros para uma cruzeta de controle na mão do manipulador. O movimento é feito por meio da inclinação ou oscilação da cruzeta de controle, mas os fios são também puxados um a um quando se deseja um determinado movimento. Uma marionete simples pode chegar a ter nove fios: um em cada perna, um em cada mão, um em cada ombro, um em cada orelha (para mexer a cabeça) e um na base da coluna, para fazer o boneco se inclinar. Efeitos mais detalhados podem exigir o dobro ou o triplo desse número. A manipulação de uma marionete de muitos fios é uma operação complexa que exige grande treinamento. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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Trata-se de um tipo especial de figura plana, utilizada para projetar sombras em um telão semitransparente. Podem ser recortadas em couro ou qualquer outro material opaco, como nos teatros tradicionais de Java, Bali e da Tailândia, além do tradicional "sombras chinesas" da Europa do século XVIII; nos teatros tradicionais da China, Índia, Turquia e Grécia, e em diversos grupos modernos da Europa, as figuras podem ser recortadas também em couro de peixe ou em outros materiais transparentes.<br />
Elas podem ser operadas por baixo, com varas, como no teatro javanês; com varas que ficam em ângulo reto com a tela, como nos teatros chinês e grego; ou por meio de cordões escondidos atrás dos bonecos como nas sombras chinesas. O teatro de sombras não precisa se limitar a figuras planas. Ele pode lançar mão também de figuras tridimensionais. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe1K-qVPmaVVijsxRcmDfQnFQyM4XeynTwhqKE8UrlYj8WH4N0Hp4yyv8a0nM8xBRBHivp6AvJq6esM0a2LBzVyoVTLdjFaoMqsAR4VYM6J2XzC0VqxmbUp6rbxP2Y1oIGKYg9s8HTrbs/s1600/05_MHG_rshow_teatro_boneco.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe1K-qVPmaVVijsxRcmDfQnFQyM4XeynTwhqKE8UrlYj8WH4N0Hp4yyv8a0nM8xBRBHivp6AvJq6esM0a2LBzVyoVTLdjFaoMqsAR4VYM6J2XzC0VqxmbUp6rbxP2Y1oIGKYg9s8HTrbs/s400/05_MHG_rshow_teatro_boneco.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></span></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-40905834152536552052011-08-08T05:19:00.000-07:002011-08-08T06:06:29.110-07:00HISTÓRIA DA ARTE BIZANTINA<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 22pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Arte bizantina<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O termo <b>arte bizantina</b> refere-se à expressão </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">artística</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> de caráter </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o" title="Religião"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">religioso</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> do </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Bizantino" title="Império Bizantino"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Império Bizantino</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">. No entanto, deve-se lembrar que esta tendência artística, por meio de influência político-religiosa, expandiu-se para regiões fora das fronteiras imperiais.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsktR4wxTS_XvUhXkB5v_wGlR-081RKqD4xTbWLbVxP7UYxoPHwP9zOQkqlSZGSgExSsPcXJsV3Zi2vkN5EgM3XfvuL9x_TdyMYY7_lk6FPablG8knumVG4_H3tMFEgyivPxIgnuESgyw/s1600/6110.BMP" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsktR4wxTS_XvUhXkB5v_wGlR-081RKqD4xTbWLbVxP7UYxoPHwP9zOQkqlSZGSgExSsPcXJsV3Zi2vkN5EgM3XfvuL9x_TdyMYY7_lk6FPablG8knumVG4_H3tMFEgyivPxIgnuESgyw/s640/6110.BMP" width="281" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mosaicos religiosos Bizantinos<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">História<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">O crescente problema nas fronteiras causado pelos bárbaros, além de problemas dentro de Roma com o senado constantemente se envolvendo em questões relacionadas ao reinado dos imperadores, fez com que os imperadores optassem por outras cidades para serem sedes do império. O imperador </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_I" title="Constantino I"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Constantino I</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> transferiu a capital do império para </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz%C3%A2ncio" title="Bizâncio"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bizâncio</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, antiga cidade renomeada mais tarde para </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Constantinopla</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">. Neste local reúnem-se toda uma série de fatores que impulsionam a ascensão da nova expressão artística.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O movimento viveu o seu apogeu no </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_VI" title="Século VI"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">século VI</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, durante o reinado do imperador </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiniano_I" title="Justiniano I"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Justiniano I</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> ao qual se sucede um período de crise denominado Iconoclasta e que consiste na destruição de qualquer imagem santa devido ao conflito político entre os imperadores e o clero.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Após a crise iconoclasta, houve uma nova era de ouro da arte bizantina que se extendeu até o fim do império no século XV. No entanto, reminiscências desta arte permaneceram embuidas dentro da religião ortodoxa e em regiões como a Rússia que receberam grande influência da cultura bizantina.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg105HrSE_EmecU642nXp01NuLsFQWyvLoMUGLV61CP-dvspS2UGXeRrVv68tYpdxk3VEzqRz2t9o19LvZbGkN7_QtlKOeTzvgAb1kdXWm5A2eFWWNhVbhHoPujC7HT9RalwmOyn4P2JME/s400/constantinopla.jpg" width="400" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Constantinopla<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Eb2gf63-apHAFY1TvbfWu-VzS5_YAWYONemFaiOjLB7S-hwGz16u5ZtWH-lg5ij1nrZVw4OeQEAQHrYRaAPsLGEnVz4HAyQ5vaCQIM29WnpHCcKD9sVxNPdXTaqKPX3vnp8bOwyTRBg/s1600/Constantino.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Eb2gf63-apHAFY1TvbfWu-VzS5_YAWYONemFaiOjLB7S-hwGz16u5ZtWH-lg5ij1nrZVw4OeQEAQHrYRaAPsLGEnVz4HAyQ5vaCQIM29WnpHCcKD9sVxNPdXTaqKPX3vnp8bOwyTRBg/s400/Constantino.jpg" width="346" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Constantino<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong></div><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNpHtSOy12ojR6H5A6CG5wOKxodqf_H-x9oT1gBaSv98vSolysrjB00IM5x9eqDThBCnA3HaioHxUDBtKkPfJZrHZt-zOciqiFYCtezXmDpakZGGyYfBuA_6TeSnXmR_EThZ0J0MHL2OE/s1600/MudraCristo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNpHtSOy12ojR6H5A6CG5wOKxodqf_H-x9oT1gBaSv98vSolysrjB00IM5x9eqDThBCnA3HaioHxUDBtKkPfJZrHZt-zOciqiFYCtezXmDpakZGGyYfBuA_6TeSnXmR_EThZ0J0MHL2OE/s400/MudraCristo.jpg" width="280" /></a></div><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Jesus Cristo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Influências<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A localização de Constantinopla permite à arte bizantina a absorção de influências vindas de </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_antiga" title="Roma antiga"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Roma</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, da </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cia" title="Grécia"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Grécia</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> e do </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriente" title="Oriente"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Oriente</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> e a interligação de alguns destes diversos elementos </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">culturais</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> num momento de impulso à formação de um estilo repleto de técnica e </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor" title="Cor"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">cor</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A arte bizantina está intimamente relacionada com a religião, obedecendo a um clero fortalecido que possui, além das suas funções naturais, as funções de organizar também as artes, e que consequentemente relega os artistas ao papel de meros executores.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Também o imperador, assente num banco regimico </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracia" title="Teocracia"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">teocrático</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, possui poderes administrativos e espirituais. Sendo o representante de </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus" title="Deus"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Deus</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> na </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Terra</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, é convencionalmente representado com uma auréola sobre a cabeça e não é raro encontrar um </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaico" title="Mosaico"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">mosaico</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> onde esteja representado com a esposa ao lado da </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgem_Maria" title="Virgem Maria"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Virgem Maria</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> e o </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Menino Jesus</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.Tambem encontramos o imperador em muitas boates de estripe, pela antiga cidade bizantina que fica no caminho das indias.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyl1npM_N9b4jYDC_Oy-1FD-35Dx7eswEwFYMo3LwloiXd3t4oH-kmjS3DckUC4IU9yQyzJonNU3S4TCkRatcEqBv23W8yob0BY0tg1X9eggX9ExCtuiM2CCiCjlDMG4vrnkpv6Ye0hbw/s1600/bizantino-divisao.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyl1npM_N9b4jYDC_Oy-1FD-35Dx7eswEwFYMo3LwloiXd3t4oH-kmjS3DckUC4IU9yQyzJonNU3S4TCkRatcEqBv23W8yob0BY0tg1X9eggX9ExCtuiM2CCiCjlDMG4vrnkpv6Ye0hbw/s400/bizantino-divisao.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Império Bizantino<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWaO05797S_WRmLsX3XyNNiwe9CtdZMX1VoPx1WIxVh8tpc5pfqiStm9XRh-E85BnL4ZUEl5DC1MMmzDuNBhYZVNk02jW3uvWRWBTmYoamyVAYG-6rz13QMejBM0lC-M7UnZue7MJdDdI/s1600/Imp+constantino_byzantine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWaO05797S_WRmLsX3XyNNiwe9CtdZMX1VoPx1WIxVh8tpc5pfqiStm9XRh-E85BnL4ZUEl5DC1MMmzDuNBhYZVNk02jW3uvWRWBTmYoamyVAYG-6rz13QMejBM0lC-M7UnZue7MJdDdI/s400/Imp+constantino_byzantine.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cosntantino<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP-6XhPFDVgDpXLjuIzrWZcY7MH0W2v0UtGHNyJoTkztqtn6xko7xvpPuFZUmABDZgs5464hrZjaKLRKeLA7gPJJH3qT21H6htwdfta3AolkGD7Ryd5wBahW5mQChBturUUNqVl-lvY04/s1600/bizantino%255B1%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP-6XhPFDVgDpXLjuIzrWZcY7MH0W2v0UtGHNyJoTkztqtn6xko7xvpPuFZUmABDZgs5464hrZjaKLRKeLA7gPJJH3qT21H6htwdfta3AolkGD7Ryd5wBahW5mQChBturUUNqVl-lvY04/s400/bizantino%255B1%255D.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arte com influência Grega e romana<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pintura<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">No século V, em </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz%C3%A2ncio" title="Bizâncio"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bizâncio</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, emergiu um novo império cristão que duraria mil anos, criando uma nova forma de arte, nascida do </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cristianismo</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">. Em </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Roma</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, nas antigas </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacumbas_crist%C3%A3s" title="Catacumbas cristãs"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">catacumbas cristãs</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, há uma série de murais que datam das perseguições aos cristãos nos séculos III e IV. São os primeiros exemplos de pintura no Período Bizantino.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">No século IV, o imperador </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino" title="Constantino"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Constantino</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> reconheceu o culto livre aos cristãos do </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano" title="Império Romano"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Império Romano</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">. A </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_crist%C3%A3" title="Arte cristã"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">arte cristã</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> primitivia evoluiu então para a arte bizantina. O mosaico foi a característica principal do período e suas características de criação influenciaram mais tarde a </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arte gótica"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">arte gótica</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">. Os </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dcone" title="Ícone"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ícones</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> também marcaram esta primeira etapa da arte bizantina.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Nos séculos VIII e IX, o mundo bizantino foi dilacerado pela questão iconoclasta, uma controvérsia sobre o uso de pinturas ou entalhes na vida religiosa. Toda representação humana que fosse realista poderia ser considerada uma violação ao mandamento de não adorar imagens esculpidas. O imperador </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%A3o_III" title="Leão III"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Leão III</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> proibiu qualquer imagem em forma humana de </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristo" title="Cristo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cristo</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, da Virgem, santos ou anjos. Como resultado, vários artistas bizantinos migraram para o Ocidente. Em 843, a lei foi revogada.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioEO0Y-isiPlWaZyo9DGgPLY6tcjRYvtm-QVhyE9reKfxYHa7ygiMiUgZvXqKffJ07qnUnwuS9zlhdcU5s50wgBMFftTy11SRP6mcnWlXEg6Qc03YbHCT0Dyczc2nULEKQWnn3pocZ09E/s1600/Iconos%252520bizantinos%252520%252818%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioEO0Y-isiPlWaZyo9DGgPLY6tcjRYvtm-QVhyE9reKfxYHa7ygiMiUgZvXqKffJ07qnUnwuS9zlhdcU5s50wgBMFftTy11SRP6mcnWlXEg6Qc03YbHCT0Dyczc2nULEKQWnn3pocZ09E/s400/Iconos%252520bizantinos%252520%252818%2529.jpg" width="303" /></a></div><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mosaico<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaico" title="Mosaico"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">mosaico</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> é a expressão máxima da arte bizantina e, não se destinando somente a decorar as </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parede" title="Parede"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">paredes</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> e </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%B3bada" title="Abóbada"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">abóbadas</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, serve também de fonte de instrução e guia espiritual aos fiéis, mostrando-lhes cenas da vida de </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristo" title="Cristo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cristo</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, dos </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profeta" title="Profeta"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">profetas</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">,e dos vários imperadores. Plasticamente, o mosaico bizantino não se assemelha aos mosaicos romanos; são confeccionados com técnicas diferentes e seguem convenções que regem também os </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afresco" title="Afresco"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">afrescos</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">. Neles, por exemplo, as pessoas são representadas de frente e verticalizadas para criar certa espiritualidade; a perspectiva e o volume são ignorados e o </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dourado_(cor)" title="Dourado (cor)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">dourado</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> é utilizado em abundância, pela sua associação a um dos maiores bens materiais: </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ouro</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjU4JZOD-Nrt5hautQPvK1duAnTJzyICdCy9lVOljRvuyZxTJ8PFdwfK3DWKC2CMwcAz7GQHB21CxJ2U-fT3M4uWiiROtZxpH39VU0POQptGrnkH9ykPOZIx8laRU9wnY5mtaf_2jjQ2c/s1600/22-imperatriz-teodora-e28093-s-vital-ravena.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjU4JZOD-Nrt5hautQPvK1duAnTJzyICdCy9lVOljRvuyZxTJ8PFdwfK3DWKC2CMwcAz7GQHB21CxJ2U-fT3M4uWiiROtZxpH39VU0POQptGrnkH9ykPOZIx8laRU9wnY5mtaf_2jjQ2c/s400/22-imperatriz-teodora-e28093-s-vital-ravena.jpg" width="296" /></a></div><br />
Teodora</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtgqPXEkQtuy6VO2R8gf209uRsF83YrbaoKWGdiU-5yynIy9a-D8_Syi_iPGqsErllbiL7fLxPAk1lNP4IF5Sr0MgKAk385sjTTAGnbWS7shT2XLNXocfSPwu8aFlpvlnHRDfMuTzVinE/s1600/mosaico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtgqPXEkQtuy6VO2R8gf209uRsF83YrbaoKWGdiU-5yynIy9a-D8_Syi_iPGqsErllbiL7fLxPAk1lNP4IF5Sr0MgKAk385sjTTAGnbWS7shT2XLNXocfSPwu8aFlpvlnHRDfMuTzVinE/s400/mosaico.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></div></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Arquitetura<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A arquitetura teve um lugar de destaque, operando-se nela a importantes inovações. Foi herdeira do arco, da abóbada e da cúpula, mas também, do plano centrado, de forma quadrada ou em cruz grega, com cúpula central e absides laterais.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A expressão artística do período influenciou também a arquitetura das </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja" title="Igreja"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">igrejas</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">. Elas eram planeadas sobre uma base </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADrculo" title="Círculo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">circular</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oct%C3%B3gono" title="Octógono"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">octogonal</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> ou </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrado" title="Quadrado"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">quadrada</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> rematada por diversas </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BApula" title="Cúpula"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">cúpulas</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, criando-se edifícios de grandes dimensões, espaçosos e profusamente decorados.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Santa_Sofia" title="Catedral de Santa Sofia"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Catedral de Santa Sofia</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> é um dos grandes triunfos da técnica bizantina. Projectada pelos arquitectos </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%AAmio_de_Tralles" title="Antêmio de Tralles"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Antêmio de Tralles</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> e </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidoro_de_Mileto" title="Isidoro de Mileto"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Isidoro de Mileto</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">, ela possui uma cúpula de 55 metros apoiada em quatro </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_(arquitectura)" title="Arco (arquitectura)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">arcos</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> plenos. Esta técnica permite uma cúpula extremamente elevada a ponto de sugerir, por associação à abóbada celeste, sentimentos de universalidade e poder absoluto. Apresenta pinturas nas paredes, </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluna" title="Coluna"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">colunas</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> com </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitel" title="Capitel"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">capitel</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> ricamente decorado com mosaicos e chão de </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rmore" title="Mármore"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">mármore</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> polido.</span></span></div><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4bxXYrOd1r1zvsy9ZMHSXzUm0a0ierXxcrLg2wxvI5FmRGFzdJ5Qe424j_3X8v4msidqDQU0DrGXvulM5YEA5F1tgNVudjO-x-aOx3zvmyZFRRBVmoxI45Mv6Y7EHsM9jmh0chHSTy44/s400/imagesCASTB0ME.jpg" width="400" /><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></div></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"></div></span><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Escultura<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Este gosto pela decoração, aliado à aversão do cristianismo pela representação </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">escultórica</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> de imagens (por lembrar o paganismo romano), faz diminuir o gosto pela forma e consequentemente o destaque da escultura durante este período. Os poucos exemplos que se encontram são </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixo_relevo" title="Baixo relevo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">baixos-relevos</span></span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> inseridos na decoração dos </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentos" title="Monumentos"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">monumentos</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6HbFeAPGMS1W5heUQXXHjisNIcQ8TXTQfpd1tpmpdIk_ZJRe7utLRrwFJ2fjB1FL3pIlzWoiL9mZcw_2yHd72m8CxNo1DidCU3kxZe5Bf22W8mJtDhbOfQSjWLxWpLgtl24Q2YCp8rVI/s1600/ArchivoSilos-Duda.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6HbFeAPGMS1W5heUQXXHjisNIcQ8TXTQfpd1tpmpdIk_ZJRe7utLRrwFJ2fjB1FL3pIlzWoiL9mZcw_2yHd72m8CxNo1DidCU3kxZe5Bf22W8mJtDhbOfQSjWLxWpLgtl24Q2YCp8rVI/s400/ArchivoSilos-Duda.jpg" width="247" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-11809225520022429362011-07-27T11:33:00.000-07:002011-07-27T11:41:52.681-07:00A HISTÓRIA DA ESCULTURA<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> </v:shapetype></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 22pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Escultura<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy80bqPQv3DfjeTT5b6X4wFF4uFEHV6WOaLFDVsNkzw8XMyeDG9l8NvGuWmiHNU4LVEwdNel4tVb9VCOshwDIwzSacCnc6K15R9p6W-GF67ho-yHfeHihTMB-F6z64brTKDZantcQkmPk/s1600/venus-de-milo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy80bqPQv3DfjeTT5b6X4wFF4uFEHV6WOaLFDVsNkzw8XMyeDG9l8NvGuWmiHNU4LVEwdNel4tVb9VCOshwDIwzSacCnc6K15R9p6W-GF67ho-yHfeHihTMB-F6z64brTKDZantcQkmPk/s400/venus-de-milo.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_de_Milo" title="Vénus de Milo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vénus de Milo</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Louvre</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7BysX0cupO8fmsnj-k48bPB2y7RJQCO5wkrlkvR4jcdR1n50FAQ8AZDT3c5AvGhvZKHthbzrFmQUfnG4Q40Zn4fdfxsc-4LGzlb8HH_qI1XzXDB4O8Abwql_XJeuIFHyNUAICv_ksdO4/s1600/david-michelangelo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7BysX0cupO8fmsnj-k48bPB2y7RJQCO5wkrlkvR4jcdR1n50FAQ8AZDT3c5AvGhvZKHthbzrFmQUfnG4Q40Zn4fdfxsc-4LGzlb8HH_qI1XzXDB4O8Abwql_XJeuIFHyNUAICv_ksdO4/s400/david-michelangelo.jpg" width="275" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> David de Michelangelo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgImh8QuJjxYy2pxqp1PqiJzLaqKP7yCam3TMcnQXKKnTcnr08f7jToLLYQFy7VvjatlYnuD9-19K5uj9IDG7TsuKYlPdR5Yyu8etmsOZzOzXRm71qBFqcMu34ZgaBW7IKTyFBq2sRKjlo/s1600/20100507202818%2521Escultura_Santiago_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgImh8QuJjxYy2pxqp1PqiJzLaqKP7yCam3TMcnQXKKnTcnr08f7jToLLYQFy7VvjatlYnuD9-19K5uj9IDG7TsuKYlPdR5Yyu8etmsOZzOzXRm71qBFqcMu34ZgaBW7IKTyFBq2sRKjlo/s400/20100507202818%2521Escultura_Santiago_02.jpg" width="303" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Escultura Moderna<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Considerada a terceira das artes clássicas, a escultura é a técnica de representar </span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">em </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevo" title="Relevo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">relevo</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> total ou parcial, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">objetos e seres através da reprodução de formas. Utiliza-se de materiais como gesso, pedra, madeira, resinas sintéticas, aço, ferro, mármore e das seguintes técnicas: cinzelação, fundição, moldagem ou a aglomeração de partículas para a criação de um objeto. </span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Embora possam ser utilizadas para representar qualquer coisa, ou até coisa nenhuma, tradicionalmente o objetivo maior foi sempre representar o </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_humano" title="Corpo humano"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">corpo humano</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, ou a divindade antropomórfica.</span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Imagem_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1052" style="height: 149.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 114pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="JOAO_DUARTE_dolce_vita_2_fundicao_bronze_2010" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Imagem_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1051" style="height: 123pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 135.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="escultura formas de esculpir" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span></div><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNaHw8OGhqubd5VUZQZGIwY8IITa_EmBpKlwPlg_YRt2GV-Gw-oyOQo9Vs6sBLwWpkyxD27qhx9xGWE0qw-iRXTk6VWEKW7VWS9tu_dsMhVHbIU8cSjb1r20XFhxYpgcVAsH2ERVvxU4o/s1600/My_20work.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNaHw8OGhqubd5VUZQZGIwY8IITa_EmBpKlwPlg_YRt2GV-Gw-oyOQo9Vs6sBLwWpkyxD27qhx9xGWE0qw-iRXTk6VWEKW7VWS9tu_dsMhVHbIU8cSjb1r20XFhxYpgcVAsH2ERVvxU4o/s400/My_20work.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> Cinzelação<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNHmkQxmg8XXx7qgajMGjI0-zoXhmh6sKDTBdH69VDwnpxoaz_OScn9XxztumXz5VRxRmnFVFcEOqXF2xZzFgoAAniALM8DbvK_Ry0Qp4E0lNFeZdSxwRAbV6oSWF30uuuagBFRqh8nM8/s1600/JOAO_DUARTE_dolce_vita_2_fundicao_bronze_2010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNHmkQxmg8XXx7qgajMGjI0-zoXhmh6sKDTBdH69VDwnpxoaz_OScn9XxztumXz5VRxRmnFVFcEOqXF2xZzFgoAAniALM8DbvK_Ry0Qp4E0lNFeZdSxwRAbV6oSWF30uuuagBFRqh8nM8/s400/JOAO_DUARTE_dolce_vita_2_fundicao_bronze_2010.jpg" width="305" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> Fundição<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlBWMilezgn4CjZlpy9CMfnadLMcyd7-LpXgKFLnVufWyYZy_HMBFzjv9HyAn6U8TEPDfV-yJ38Zc0qOn_MKQaMapZcRLQMwR6Fp0ulmnzmO9HNzpbIBLSZGrjqgzEHzci_Xu6LP4W_UQ/s1600/escultura+formas+de+esculpir.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlBWMilezgn4CjZlpy9CMfnadLMcyd7-LpXgKFLnVufWyYZy_HMBFzjv9HyAn6U8TEPDfV-yJ38Zc0qOn_MKQaMapZcRLQMwR6Fp0ulmnzmO9HNzpbIBLSZGrjqgzEHzci_Xu6LP4W_UQ/s400/escultura+formas+de+esculpir.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modelagem<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">A escolha do material envolve a técnica utilizada. Novas técnicas como dobra e solda de chapas metálicas, moldagens com resinas, plásticos, materiais tridimensionais tem sido<span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">-</span>empregadas. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Vários materiais se prestam a esta arte, uns mais perenes como o </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bronze</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> ou o </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rmore" title="Mármore"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mármore</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, outros mais fáceis de trabalhar, como a </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argila" title="Argila"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">argila</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, a </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera" title="Cera"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cera</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> ou a </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira_(material)" title="Madeira (material)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">madeira</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">A escultura na Pré-História foi associada à magia e à religião. No período paleolítico, o objetivo era moldar animais e figuras humanas, geralmente femininas. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A escultura, como é conhecida atualmente, surgiu no Oriente Médio, foi uma das últimas artes a serem desenvolvidas durante a Idade Média, talvez pelo apelo sensual. <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A Grécia Clássica é o berço ocidental da arte de esculpir, desde os seus primeiros artefatos em mármore ou bronze a partir do século 10 a.C., até o apogeu da era de Péricles, com as esculturas da Acrópole de Atenas. Posteriormente, os romanos aderiram à cultura clássica e continuaram a produzir esculturas até o fim do império, difundindo o trabalho em mármore por todo o império. <o:p></o:p></div></span><br />
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</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Foi no Renascimento que a escultura se destacou, com a famosa estátua de Davi, de Michelangelo. Donatello e Verocchio foram outros mestres importantes do período. Entre os séculos XIX e XX, destacam-se os artistas Constantin Brancuse e August Rodin, dois mestres da escultura que influenciaram vários outros artistas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Modernamente, novas técnicas, como dobra e solda de chapas metálicas, moldagens com resinas, </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet%C3%A3o_armado" title="Betão armado"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">betão armado</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> ou </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1stico" title="Plástico"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plásticos</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, ou mesmo a utilização da </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser" title="Laser"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">luz coerente</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> para dar uma sensação de tridimensionalidade, tem sido tentadas e só o tempo dirá quais serão perenes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Através do tempo, algumas formas especificas de esculturas foram mais utilizadas que outras: O </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busto" title="Busto"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">busto</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, espécie de retrato do poderoso da época; a </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1tua_eq%C3%BCestre" title="Estátua eqüestre"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">estátua eqüestre</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, tipicamente mostrando um poderoso senhor em seu cavalo; Fontes de água, especialmente em </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Roma</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, para coroar seus fabulosos </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquedutos" title="Aquedutos"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">aquedutos</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> e onde a água corrente tinha um papel a representar; estátua, representando uma pessoa ou um deus em forma antropomórfica; Alto ou </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixo-relevo" title="Baixo-relevo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Baixo-relevo</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, o modo de ilustrar uma história em pedra ou metal ; </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mob%C3%ADlia" title="Mobília"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mobiliário</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, normalmente utilizado em jardins.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsKMs-CDbAwFU9lOoSZwCBOtDDQstDljuBq1-sSk3BMht8M6hioxL1fZoGLR_IeyK-TBspVn-9v0bNp-dN4NZXl3NmsV__vNhzmvtohOklCTpPW5wXMVAcrUDbRdZP0Rs6HIDh4eG57g0/s1600/untitlede.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsKMs-CDbAwFU9lOoSZwCBOtDDQstDljuBq1-sSk3BMht8M6hioxL1fZoGLR_IeyK-TBspVn-9v0bNp-dN4NZXl3NmsV__vNhzmvtohOklCTpPW5wXMVAcrUDbRdZP0Rs6HIDh4eG57g0/s400/untitlede.png" width="375" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"></div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">AS TÉCNICAS</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">As primeiras esculturas são predominantemente de pedra, argila e madeira. A técnica inicial da pedra lascada instigou o homem a criar alternativas, ao longo da história, para aperfeiçoar a elaboração de suas peças: num primeiro momento através da abrasão da areia e mais tarde através da criação de peças em cobre, bronze e ferro. </span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT;">A escolha de um material normalmente implica na técnica a se utilizar.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">MODELAGEM </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Na modelagem, as mãos do artista são o principal instrumento e os materiais mais comuns são a argila, a cera e o gesso. A modelagem nesses materiais é muito utilizada como um meio auxiliar do escultor para estudos prévios ou como base para as técnicas do vazado em metal, cimento ou plástico. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Para a modelagem em argila, o material é trabalhado ainda úmido e, dependendo da escala do objeto a ser modelado, pode ser fixado sobre suportes de madeira, arame, borracha, cortiça ou qualquer outro material não absorvente. No caso em que a própria argila é o material final para a realização da escultura, se utilizam as técnicas cerâmicas de cozimento. Essa técnica era utilizada por muitas culturas antigas – tais como a Suméria e a Chinesa – na elaboração de esculturas de Terracota (terra cozida). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0K8_5UpVFRsxBxj5BwYmyfK6npVZnTB9eSwadfVDz87zXSLcWvXt8qIhberdHh3lVJG3BAma4ilNFhHetN5vqzWn99-jw3iKj7fUX8BdtN3Kax_zwjy1whWFz4TC33J237Ke6tAKfbOM/s1600/ArgilaEstudo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0K8_5UpVFRsxBxj5BwYmyfK6npVZnTB9eSwadfVDz87zXSLcWvXt8qIhberdHh3lVJG3BAma4ilNFhHetN5vqzWn99-jw3iKj7fUX8BdtN3Kax_zwjy1whWFz4TC33J237Ke6tAKfbOM/s400/ArgilaEstudo.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">TALHA EM MADEIRA </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Considerada arte menor, a escultura em madeira oferece um desafio maior ao escultor para dar o naturalismo desejado à figuração, devido ao veios e nós da madeira e à precisão que deve ser trabalhada. Com isso, o uso do policromado (técnica de pintura à têmpera sobre base de gesso, aplicada na escultura em madeira) condicionou de forma decisiva a evolução da escultura em madeira. Essa técnica foi muito utilizada no Barroco brasileiro na confecção do imaginário (santos do pau oco). A técnica da talha consiste no desgaste de um tronco de madeira através do uso de instrumentos como o cinzel, serras, foices, machados, isovela e brocas. Geralmente, a madeira é trabalhada a partir de um único tronco que tem seu interior esvaziado para evitar problemas com a umidade. No acabamento final, a peça é lixada e polida. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD8sp2IlbFxApW2ybDTWg8jblo-aKciuBx4vxoZr59OO0128x1cvP2sewgq2ZBxalTjzbTHyU5HS6hvpvsRz4BBgDpK_CYpjMmAXStizcv7DinWBKl5r7z8fQVuoto7BlKu30eOgeBzok/s1600/Roque.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD8sp2IlbFxApW2ybDTWg8jblo-aKciuBx4vxoZr59OO0128x1cvP2sewgq2ZBxalTjzbTHyU5HS6hvpvsRz4BBgDpK_CYpjMmAXStizcv7DinWBKl5r7z8fQVuoto7BlKu30eOgeBzok/s400/Roque.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Artesão<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZk6jDebxrbAA547hA4cEyt3zBBdyl59kuRFY9SdDVpO1SKyLHO-AWwYaC-RxWr9KhmVvKZJT0pmUIwQpTj78LmLQ7sxW4hYNYbr1OZARXZKmGLZiwkGHfKohcge-n3lfi6v6JvttO3Mw/s1600/ATELI-%257E1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZk6jDebxrbAA547hA4cEyt3zBBdyl59kuRFY9SdDVpO1SKyLHO-AWwYaC-RxWr9KhmVvKZJT0pmUIwQpTj78LmLQ7sxW4hYNYbr1OZARXZKmGLZiwkGHfKohcge-n3lfi6v6JvttO3Mw/s320/ATELI-%257E1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Goivas e formões<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2Pv8MOA7v2zmdE_JYu2VUeunlhnnr_NvfEfQNSIdlPPaG2CbiYTzt2-bmS8XORyZCZS7kvRZorALtNRJg439ixAOux_xDDumEfT-k1doDSUI1yruP3LWGWKbHM3v3hQHlLW-WQskx9eE/s1600/presentesempresariaisg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2Pv8MOA7v2zmdE_JYu2VUeunlhnnr_NvfEfQNSIdlPPaG2CbiYTzt2-bmS8XORyZCZS7kvRZorALtNRJg439ixAOux_xDDumEfT-k1doDSUI1yruP3LWGWKbHM3v3hQHlLW-WQskx9eE/s400/presentesempresariaisg.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggRxjj1szkrVqklbqgu_0nqfiCMz9rgAxAFD9H_HsLk2ae74cws_2tiBde5nwpbZIOcjxIBb1SGYygM5jW68RJJslh09D2B0suK6Q43LRD3fnPyyUeYIngoN1vAjziJHFQF_N8XWCypFM/s1600/presepio.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggRxjj1szkrVqklbqgu_0nqfiCMz9rgAxAFD9H_HsLk2ae74cws_2tiBde5nwpbZIOcjxIBb1SGYygM5jW68RJJslh09D2B0suK6Q43LRD3fnPyyUeYIngoN1vAjziJHFQF_N8XWCypFM/s400/presepio.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span> <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Talha<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">ESCULTURA EM PEDRA </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">A técnica, considerada nobre, consiste em desgastar um bloco de pedra com uso de cinzéis, martelos, pontas, <em><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">bouchardes </span></em>, puas, furadeiras e abrasivos. Na escultura em pedra os erros são irreparáveis e, para garantir o sucesso da sua confecção, se deve fazer um esboço em argila, gesso ou cera, com posterior maquete, que passará para o bloco de pedra através de um sistema chamado “ponteado”. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgss6RjZkBeo6V-DXKlRUX3qF8b4t-zYtYXQBiI-yLeLlmEBX_fymC3MUge6bcM_pA1eEhtHiCUfezh_eCe4BfTPo6WWpdbtqeFrFowMRvmFUwTAiU_qtm6uMB1EtuiCrc0NmQmCU8D8Wg/s1600/tarcilio.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgss6RjZkBeo6V-DXKlRUX3qF8b4t-zYtYXQBiI-yLeLlmEBX_fymC3MUge6bcM_pA1eEhtHiCUfezh_eCe4BfTPo6WWpdbtqeFrFowMRvmFUwTAiU_qtm6uMB1EtuiCrc0NmQmCU8D8Wg/s400/tarcilio.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy4F0OMBvq8FKD3yj10Eg6IWPx4ZeSMYb9Qq76LF2nTYi9xU8myIsCR-4sFtbu_dbYxus92fzU-y8xp6dvBki5joK2vdb1TH6uNhSeKdu82vUhNL0sZojtaZ_di60uGsTbRY3WuI6j3rw/s1600/esculturas-em-pedra-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy4F0OMBvq8FKD3yj10Eg6IWPx4ZeSMYb9Qq76LF2nTYi9xU8myIsCR-4sFtbu_dbYxus92fzU-y8xp6dvBki5joK2vdb1TH6uNhSeKdu82vUhNL0sZojtaZ_di60uGsTbRY3WuI6j3rw/s400/esculturas-em-pedra-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"></div></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">VAZADO EM BRONZE </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Nessa técnica, o uso passa a ser industrial e não é mais só a mão do artista que dá origem às formas. É preciso criar moldes e a figura vai nascer do interior do molde, com a fundição do cobre em conjunto com o estanho, o zinco e o aço, em quantidades exatas, para se criar a liga apropriada de bronze. A fluidez dessa liga é o que dará características próprias a cada escultura. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">O vazado em bronze, para esculturas tridimensionais pode ser feito de três formas: a fundição à cera perdida, o modelado e a galvanotipia. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">A técnica da cera perdida consiste em construir um modelo em cera que é coberto por um molde de argila de uma única peça; depois, a cera é derretida e o espaço é preenchido com o bronze. A partir desse método, conhecido como direto, são realizadas peças maciças de menor porte. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">O método indireto consiste em modelar em barro a figura e, a partir daí, criar um molde em gesso dividido em várias peças. O interior do molde em gesso é recoberto por uma fina camada de cera e o vazio preenchido por terra. Após essa etapa, desmonta-se o molde de gesso, que deixa descoberto o modelo de cera para ser retocado. Cobre-se então a peça com a argila – mantendo-se um sistema de canais de coado e respiradouros – que servirá de molde definitivo. O bronze então vertido, substitui a cera. Esse método permite que a peça tenha uma espessura variável e é utilizado na confecção de esculturas de grande porte. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrIyQDGoVT-BQh3A7U8Pm_dLbMWgSBDmncWWJxvbdoVxH2BBpqoHKomqaguri0eA2n2iVjT85DgQHpy1J7BFe1u_Ai5jbsfVW0ICE0qFtT30gB1anrMp7vpb3qU7s1VbdiPI0fRCM-HuU/s1600/Auguste-Rodan-O-Pensador-Escultura-em-Bronze.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrIyQDGoVT-BQh3A7U8Pm_dLbMWgSBDmncWWJxvbdoVxH2BBpqoHKomqaguri0eA2n2iVjT85DgQHpy1J7BFe1u_Ai5jbsfVW0ICE0qFtT30gB1anrMp7vpb3qU7s1VbdiPI0fRCM-HuU/s400/Auguste-Rodan-O-Pensador-Escultura-em-Bronze.jpg" width="275" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">O pensador de Rodhin</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcX_VkVFX_9Qy4EQWbR0BnChbl433AnnUkEKn46821KYi7lCMx3w6MYEMupsXf7CA_AL6nKTTuWCvkSlkqlZCxs9p5-E46dGUVWRPXrWkFIG1zp_XTRBpcDtOwzyLwwVvmgIKCVwA-mqw/s1600/Boi-Da-wall-Street.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcX_VkVFX_9Qy4EQWbR0BnChbl433AnnUkEKn46821KYi7lCMx3w6MYEMupsXf7CA_AL6nKTTuWCvkSlkqlZCxs9p5-E46dGUVWRPXrWkFIG1zp_XTRBpcDtOwzyLwwVvmgIKCVwA-mqw/s320/Boi-Da-wall-Street.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">O boi de Wall Street</div></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Na arte moderna o objetivo não é mais o naturalismo e, com isso, a escultura ganhou novas formas de expressão, possibilitando a pesquisa de novos materiais e o emprego diferenciado das técnicas tradicionais. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Uma descoberta inovadora foi a aplicação do concreto na escultura – uma mistura de cimento, areia e áridos (pó de pedra ou partículas de granito ou mármore, que proporcionam diferentes texturas ao concreto). O concreto pode ser trabalhado na modelagem ou nos vazados. Na modelagem o processo é semelhante àquele da argila, a diferença é a armação que deve se adequar ao peso e à forma da escultura. Os vazados são realizados com moldes de gesso, madeira ou formas, que recebem a massa homogeneizada e depois são cobertos com sacos molhados até que a peça endureça. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Na escultura em metal a evolução foi marcante após a Revolução Industrial. Os artistas passaram a utilizar diversos tipos de materiais: chapas de ferro, pregos, arames, chapas de aço, lata, latão, alumínio, ferro-velho, tubulações e até automóveis prensados. Tudo isso obriga a utilização de ferramentas industriais – soldagem, maçarico, rebitadoras, brocas elétricas, máquinas para corte e dobradura do metal. O artista pode pintar, disfarçar soldas, polir e oxidar suas peças em metal. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Outros materiais, como os plásticos e a celulose, foram utilizados inicialmente na escultura pelos Construtivistas, a partir da década de 20. Ainda hoje, os materiais plásticos, acrílicos e sintéticos constituem base de pesquisa de muitos artistas contemporâneos, coordenando-os com outros materiais ou simplesmente utilizando-se da sua plasticidade e textura. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">A arte contemporânea oferece tal liberdade ao escultor na escolha das técnicas, que a própria técnica se confunde com o objeto artístico: a escultura hoje se utiliza de meios mecânicos, eletromagnéticos, fenômenos naturais e da própria estrutura física do ambiente onde a obra será instalada. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-28386905162106230362011-07-21T07:01:00.000-07:002011-07-21T07:05:43.059-07:00HISTÓRIA DA ARTE PALEOCRISTÃ<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 24pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Arte paleocristã<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTDY0Ma04lyQaVDpSbze8SGAxT3Jij_u8kqxUHqzK1o4pvjVMiax6pO81IKrIXXgHOFc2A7pr4g41qWROGVSdFzSmdstJlbtGw8ZH5p4CLeK0YHoVSBwOY1w_lniMwhO0CtdxuuLSRKOY/s1600/4aula2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTDY0Ma04lyQaVDpSbze8SGAxT3Jij_u8kqxUHqzK1o4pvjVMiax6pO81IKrIXXgHOFc2A7pr4g41qWROGVSdFzSmdstJlbtGw8ZH5p4CLeK0YHoVSBwOY1w_lniMwhO0CtdxuuLSRKOY/s400/4aula2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5FjaEWjlruHBygpXHiRpBHHlwoo3UzS4zu0YbE9ayvvMDeQ5vDPCRMVYSP83vg4pLEfYhbsEC-I62Pu_NnOa5vbxC2d7gY1ngGqPMWhYvwmnGN4cu_u-EJ-rpLUFdGxW9B48WwFiofBQ/s1600/paleocristao.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5FjaEWjlruHBygpXHiRpBHHlwoo3UzS4zu0YbE9ayvvMDeQ5vDPCRMVYSP83vg4pLEfYhbsEC-I62Pu_NnOa5vbxC2d7gY1ngGqPMWhYvwmnGN4cu_u-EJ-rpLUFdGxW9B48WwFiofBQ/s320/paleocristao.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A <b>Arte paleocristã</b> ou <b>Arte cristã primitiva</b> é a <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte" title="Arte"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arte</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura" title="Arquitetura"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arquitetura</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pintura</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">escultura</span></a> produzida por cristãos ou sob o patrocínio cristão desde o início do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_II" title="Século II"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">século II</span></a> até o final do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_V" title="Século V"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">século V</span></a>. Não há arte cristã sobrevivente no <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_I" title="Século I"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">século I</span></a>. Após aproximadamente o final do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_V" title="Século V"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">século V</span></a> a arte cristã mostra o início do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_bizantina" title="Arte bizantina"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">estilo artístico bizantino</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK_J1nG25QPdTxXaGan6IsEuO5eI80a0qNptA8UdmMYc1JQMkCaCwp1Bnw-PKFFI5QuwB4L6FuvxLhMTiw9e1wivKsF_oTxlBGP3oJPift-5-sQqG2cVcKw2noYa1BuQSue87D0bNLu6k/s1600/biz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK_J1nG25QPdTxXaGan6IsEuO5eI80a0qNptA8UdmMYc1JQMkCaCwp1Bnw-PKFFI5QuwB4L6FuvxLhMTiw9e1wivKsF_oTxlBGP3oJPift-5-sQqG2cVcKw2noYa1BuQSue87D0bNLu6k/s400/biz.jpg" width="267" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4HMgrvSHLV1hxq7K7Xts5Di82AFXeoPV5sGmnqzbH32tR8BKMffR_VVSU9ecQ_FVf_JhHvPmqPjQ5eJNGItLBHz9_HdGi5bixct31pkVmi04ENIhEYoHa_8NqUJejaeX05BMih11mBvc/s1600/mosaico+Bizantino.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4HMgrvSHLV1hxq7K7Xts5Di82AFXeoPV5sGmnqzbH32tR8BKMffR_VVSU9ecQ_FVf_JhHvPmqPjQ5eJNGItLBHz9_HdGi5bixct31pkVmi04ENIhEYoHa_8NqUJejaeX05BMih11mBvc/s400/mosaico+Bizantino.jpg" width="318" /></a></div><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Antes do início do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_II" title="Século II"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">século II</span></a> os cristãos, sendo um grupo minoritário perseguido, pode ter sido coagido por sua posição há não produzir obras de arte duradouras. Uma vez que nesse período o cristianismo era uma religião exclusiva das classes mais baixas, a falta de arte sobrevivente pode refletir uma falta de recursos para patrociná-la. Os primeiros indícios claros na afirmação de um estilo próprio cristão surgem em inícios do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_II" title="Século II"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">século II</span></a>, sendo seu expoente as <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pinturas</span></a> murais nas <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacumba_romana" title="Catacumba romana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">catacumbas romanas</span></a>, lugar de culto e refúgio cristãos. Normalmente os primeiros cristãos representavam o corpo humano de maneira proporcional e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidimensional" title="Bidimensional"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bidimensional</span></a>, por vezes adaptando elementos da arte pagã, e obviamente harmonizando-os com os ensinamentos cristãos, bem como também desenvolveram sua própria <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconografia" title="Iconografia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">iconografia</span></a>, por exemplo, símbolos como o peixe (<a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ictus" title="Ictus"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ictus</span></a>).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGHXgYU4fvDYY4Tf5MfMQ-0VX3GpFuF9o-KzpjvuaOOP9JbuiYm31C7IMYSEasGdho-PaifWKgy_uRQethqZkRro7V5JOuRXpaS0YyGTS-QYs-jRd_aJbjm5RWK4kToWIEgjtnQg2nXWk/s1600/1234578962256_f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGHXgYU4fvDYY4Tf5MfMQ-0VX3GpFuF9o-KzpjvuaOOP9JbuiYm31C7IMYSEasGdho-PaifWKgy_uRQethqZkRro7V5JOuRXpaS0YyGTS-QYs-jRd_aJbjm5RWK4kToWIEgjtnQg2nXWk/s400/1234578962256_f.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Três primeiros séculos</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0.75pt;"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A mais antiga imagem conhecida de Maria com o Menino Jesus.<br />
(<a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_II" title="Século II"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Século II</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacumbas_de_Santa_Priscila" title="Catacumbas de Santa Priscila"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Catacumbas de Santa Priscila</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Roma</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Durante a <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persegui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_aos_crist%C3%A3os" title="Perseguição aos cristãos"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perseguição aos cristãos</span></a> sob o <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano" title="Império Romano"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Império Romano</span></a>, a arte cristã era deliberadamente furtiva e ambígua e, por vezes, era colocado em locais junto com a com a arte pagã comum, mas possuía um significado especial para os cristãos. É provável que tenham existido vários centros artísticos com estilos artísticos próprios, como <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Alexandria</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C3%B3quia" title="Antióquia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Antióquia</span></a>, mas é em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Roma</span></a> que se revelam as primeiras pinturas murais em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacumbas" title="Catacumbas"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">catacumbas</span></a>, locais que serviam de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemit%C3%A9rio" title="Cemitério"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cemitério</span></a> subterrâneo aos aderentes do cristianismo, de fato, a arte cristã sobrevivente mais antiga provém do início do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_II" title="Século II"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">século II</span></a> nas paredes dos túmulos nas <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacumbas_de_Roma" title="Catacumbas de Roma"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">catacumbas de Roma</span></a>. Inicialmente, Jesus foi representado indiretamente pelo <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictograma" title="Pictograma"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pictograma</span></a> simbólico do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ictus" title="Ictus"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ictus</span></a> (peixe), pavão , Cordeiro de Deus, ou uma <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ncora" title="Âncora"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">âncora</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arquitectura</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2MAKuUtEieLyZ3_zCJNryBLQazmXSx6qds81coEHbBVEjoopENE3rGJAoMF-VYxeU8G9Z0vL5Avz8QAAsKKOoUlGhHt25gH8kwJZ50fh9UgbO6yZjEoQi_ruuqKbr2zbsENDKP-LVH84/s1600/350px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_1450.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2MAKuUtEieLyZ3_zCJNryBLQazmXSx6qds81coEHbBVEjoopENE3rGJAoMF-VYxeU8G9Z0vL5Avz8QAAsKKOoUlGhHt25gH8kwJZ50fh9UgbO6yZjEoQi_ruuqKbr2zbsENDKP-LVH84/s400/350px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_1450.jpg" width="400" /></a><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Basilica_di_San_Pietro_1450.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></div><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Basilica_di_San_Pietro_1450.jpg"></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Ilustração de 1891 do traçado original da <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_S%C3%A3o_Pedro" title="Basílica de São Pedro"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Basílica de S. Pedro</span></a> em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Roma</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Até à declaração de liberdade de culto, a arte cristã não tinha uma tipologia arquitetónica própria, optando por celebrar o seu culto em lugares pouco relevantes. Com o Édito de Milão, Constantino apoia a construção de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo" title="Templo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">templos</span></a> próprios, em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Roma</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C3%A3o" title="Milão"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Milão</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravena" title="Ravena"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ravena</span></a>, de modo a divulgar a nova religião e acolher o crescente número de convertidos.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A basílica<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">As novas <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja" title="Igreja"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">igrejas</span></a>, desenvolvidas a partir da <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica" title="Basílica"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">basílica</span></a> romana, vão revelar a base do que será a arquitectura religiosa da <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Europa</span></a> ocidental ao longo dos séculos. A basílica clássica, um espaço amplo onde se possibilita o agrupamento de um avultado número de pessoas, pode satisfazer várias necessidades (tribunal, mercado, audiências etc), mas nunca serve o propósito de local de culto. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLA6sDhN_FGbck2hEEIJvrCXu6KpLpWSg-_7g5PefNmiTjTbjdRjTFrw2nRjisUgbg7tIHZ39L_KgNQ1RYEjUuct998IPHzu3GDNGsMrFxlQkMlPwFJmxZUwd6LSdSBj7qaxxquiLrfzc/s1600/praca+do+vaticano.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLA6sDhN_FGbck2hEEIJvrCXu6KpLpWSg-_7g5PefNmiTjTbjdRjTFrw2nRjisUgbg7tIHZ39L_KgNQ1RYEjUuct998IPHzu3GDNGsMrFxlQkMlPwFJmxZUwd6LSdSBj7qaxxquiLrfzc/s400/praca+do+vaticano.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh89Ko7-1xNaZqIUmNQkJzKcE_ielkZWtarULPyvYAAx0F_yLJq8b38eIsEIHzFNhum1892Hdxly2EaeafS084ZWTebUSNr_7JUovjJ709Au_tNFXUmLMvDWYbUaAlS_pKM88Q_7FoRfeQ/s400/2007050800_blog_uncovering_org_basilica_sao_pedro_17837058_45f85a311a_b-tm.jpg" width="300" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> Basílica de S. Paulo extra-muros, já bastante alterada.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Mas embora se tenham levado a cabo várias edificações, estas foram sendo alteradas ao longo dos tempos e nenhuma se apresenta hoje com o seu traçado original. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A basílica paleocristã compõe-se, então, por uma <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave_(arquitectura)" title="Nave (arquitectura)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nave</span></a> central com <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerest%C3%B3rio" title="Clerestório"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">clerestório</span></a> de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janela" title="Janela"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">janelas</span></a> altas, abertas em paredes assentes em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquivolta" title="Arquivolta"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arquivoltas</span></a> ou em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitrave" title="Arquitrave"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arquitraves</span></a>, cujas colunas fazem a ligação a outras duas naves laterais (colaterais) de menor altura. Todo o espaço segue um eixo longitudinal e converge a <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriente" title="Oriente"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">oriente</span></a> na <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81bside" title="Ábside"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ábside</span></a>, onde se situa o <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar" title="Altar"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">altar</span></a>, e que é emoldurada por um <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_triunfal" title="Arco triunfal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arco triunfal</span></a>. Este <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_(arquitectura)" title="Arco (arquitectura)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arco</span></a> pode estar assente numa área elevada denominada <i>bema</i>. Em algumas basílicas, entre as naves e a <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81bside" title="Ábside"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ábside</span></a>, situa-se uma nave transversal, o <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transepto" title="Transepto"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">transepto</span></a>, que forma um T com a nave central. Os tectos eram de travejamento à vista, de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">madeira</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVcaXfGTnF_tdlmUSuG5xy-4zaMc9kAj2SOo9_AVPZdWXzXHUITZPRECz_eQpYe681sg6xsXo_S-uM8p_Wwh8X7H6ZAJhDU8WW3dLTkMm0ro3wLYJI-l4Jfm32zvkHf9Ka5ZOmpbh7J7k/s1600/page15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVcaXfGTnF_tdlmUSuG5xy-4zaMc9kAj2SOo9_AVPZdWXzXHUITZPRECz_eQpYe681sg6xsXo_S-uM8p_Wwh8X7H6ZAJhDU8WW3dLTkMm0ro3wLYJI-l4Jfm32zvkHf9Ka5ZOmpbh7J7k/s400/page15.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Mosaico<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">O desenvolvimento da arquitectura e a emergente necessidade de decorar vastas superfícies vão impulsionar a produção artística do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaico" title="Mosaico"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mosaico</span></a>, uma técnica com origens na <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_antiga" title="Arte antiga"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arte antiga</span></a>, difundida na <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A2mia" title="Mesopotâmia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mesopotâmia</span></a> e com profundas tradições no período greco-romano. O mosaico romano, geralmente utilizado para o revestimento de pavimentos, é feito à base de pequenos cubos de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rmore" title="Mármore"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mármore</span></a> (<i>tesserae</i>) que se adaptam bem à reprodução cuidada de pinturas, mas de pouca intensidade cromática.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSHM8SXeZcT3aYihWCniom0ju73dyxY8qP9iGDJ96_uLTweDemvnsa4h2T0xwIliMdwwYchmcai1Ollo8Ea0Au1e7KNrI7B6A1jBCOMdc5FN7ei2P9viOKBsKmXMKanrxI15ESC9sq7cE/s1600/ravenna-.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSHM8SXeZcT3aYihWCniom0ju73dyxY8qP9iGDJ96_uLTweDemvnsa4h2T0xwIliMdwwYchmcai1Ollo8Ea0Au1e7KNrI7B6A1jBCOMdc5FN7ei2P9viOKBsKmXMKanrxI15ESC9sq7cE/s400/ravenna-.jpg" width="400" /></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A arte paleocristã, podendo agora usufruir de maiores bases financeiras e relegando para segundo plano a pintura mural a <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fresco</span></a>, vai procurar aperfeiçoar a técnica e vai brindar o interior da igreja com intensas e vibrantes imagens policromáticas, possíveis pela substituição do mármore por pedaços de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidro" title="Vidro"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vidro</span></a> colorido. Este novo material não permite, no entanto, uma paleta complexa de matizes e a modelação das figuras perde o seu contacto com o mundo real, as personagens apresentam-se como seres transcendentais, imateriais, habitantes de um reino de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz" title="Luz"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">luz</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ouro</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Pouco sobreviveu destes primeiros mosaicos do paleocristianismo, mas supõe-se que cobririam as grandes superfícies da ábside, do arco triunfal e da nave, representando cenas bíblicas. Crê-se que a sua variedade formal tenha ainda herdado muito da arte romana adaptando-a aos novos conteúdos religiosos e isso pode-se ainda observar-se na <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Santa_Maria_Maior" title="Basílica de Santa Maria Maior"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Basílica de Santa Maria Maggiore</span></a> pela forte <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometria" title="Geometria"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">geometrização</span></a> e pelo ilusionismo espacial. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
<b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Iluminura</span></b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeioMLzdv-7pJ07effHriTNpfuBi5npTTG51SNCXagPYYxgtXL4P5ylOfwb7D2cs3RjNHaCorzybmvNqku8Vdc0fextUdCAQuEOdQGhhANITfxh0JRCJvk8sIeIR9xk4jZZbBWY5OUTEg/s1600/arte-paleocrista-26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeioMLzdv-7pJ07effHriTNpfuBi5npTTG51SNCXagPYYxgtXL4P5ylOfwb7D2cs3RjNHaCorzybmvNqku8Vdc0fextUdCAQuEOdQGhhANITfxh0JRCJvk8sIeIR9xk4jZZbBWY5OUTEg/s320/arte-paleocrista-26.jpg" width="260" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Génesis de Viena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi49GeMJlvTGXIgFtJ_0Yf3ugKwnBMohBGot64K3jTpi-KSngjPXidIkqliTj8d0jVohkHemexmk6Yv7B9hOE0wv771p8ECLNHHlAPYv0ESlwvOFWsRXZCei96PlYyvvtsLFyBAHeBOeK4/s1600/Iluminura+de+Paulo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi49GeMJlvTGXIgFtJ_0Yf3ugKwnBMohBGot64K3jTpi-KSngjPXidIkqliTj8d0jVohkHemexmk6Yv7B9hOE0wv771p8ECLNHHlAPYv0ESlwvOFWsRXZCei96PlYyvvtsLFyBAHeBOeK4/s400/Iluminura+de+Paulo.jpg" width="255" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>São Paulo<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Em oposição à arte romana pagã, o cristianismo baseia o seu conteúdo nos textos sagrados da bíblia, cunhando os manuscritos com ilustrações, as <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluminura" title="Iluminura"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">iluminuras</span></a>, de elevada importância no processo de manutenção e propagação das escrituras. Acompanhando este aumento produtivo está também o desenvolvimento da técnica da produção dos suportes para manuscritos. Até então eram usados rolos de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiro" title="Papiro"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">papiro</span></a> que não permitiam grande liberdade artística no que diz respeito à ilustração. O permanente enrolar e desenrolar do papiro causava a deteriorização da tinta criando–se apenas cabeçalhos com formas simples e lineares. Com a introdução do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergaminho" title="Pergaminho"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pergaminho</span></a>, na <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_II" title="Século II"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">século II</span></a> a.C., que se pode dobrar sem partir, surgem os primeiros <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livro" title="Livro"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">livros</span></a> com encadernações ricas em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">madeira</span></a> e decoração em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">metal</span></a> e pedras preciosas, os <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dice" title="Códice"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">códices</span></a> (<i>vellum codex</i>), onde a liberdade formal e cromática não encontra os limites anteriormente estabelecidos pelo suporte.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Poucas são as iluminuras do paleocristianismo que sobreviveram até aos nossos dias, mas o pouco que se conhece a partir do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_V" title="Século V"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">século V</span></a>, apresenta uma rica variedade cromática que recebe inicialmente muita da influência da estrutura espacial e geometrização da pintura greco–romana. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
<b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Escultura<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Nos dois primeiros séculos há poucas <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">esculturas</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1tua" title="Estátua"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">estátuas</span></a>, uma vez que elas eram mais difíceis de confeccionar, e custavam mais caro, no entanto, a partir do século III surgem diversos exemplos de seu uso pelos fiéis. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Dípticos de marfim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">De herança clássica, os dípticos de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfim" title="Marfim"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">marfim</span></a> (duas abas com relevos no exterior em marfim e superfície de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera" title="Cera"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cera</span></a> no interior) eram peças pessoais de trabalho decorativo requintado, que serviam de invólucro para guardar documentos ou manuscritos. Reflectindo gostos pessoais estas peças possuiam, muitas vezes, a conjugação de elementos clássicos e simbologia cristã, consoante a fé do autor da encomenda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;">Dípticos de marfim <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><v:shape id="Imagem_x0020_124" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 159.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 117.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="catacumba" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Bustos</span></b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Embora se tenha renunciado à escultura de escala monumental, o busto de forte tradição clássica mantém-se por um longo período, efectuando-se retratos de carácter formal abstracto e transcendental, de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperador" title="Imperador"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">imperadores</span></a> e altos funcionários do estado.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuqLiRFlkwY5E3CozEJy8HK9G6eLTYP8ExohSdbepOBr1-nMXN2twi4HxF-gDR2s5EnZxpBMK9Tv9gwyxeBPqyBj6gBzwsv76abO_6bVKveTjm47X3sdJ70KnlJWnByoDKpcrPoYjxLqI/s1600/constantino325.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuqLiRFlkwY5E3CozEJy8HK9G6eLTYP8ExohSdbepOBr1-nMXN2twi4HxF-gDR2s5EnZxpBMK9Tv9gwyxeBPqyBj6gBzwsv76abO_6bVKveTjm47X3sdJ70KnlJWnByoDKpcrPoYjxLqI/s400/constantino325.jpg" width="325" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_TJb2WTKRuzM2XH4Zj3HPub3o3awDMuhG4f-ynHIZAvIiOh3I0cr4kDCFrbMrV50F5d4LrXDok0OSxxth3WfOcxZTMQZ17d69p70s35PKmurG9Dfeab6PiyhBAfEZEdOxARaeR5AKCUs/s1600/constantino.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_TJb2WTKRuzM2XH4Zj3HPub3o3awDMuhG4f-ynHIZAvIiOh3I0cr4kDCFrbMrV50F5d4LrXDok0OSxxth3WfOcxZTMQZ17d69p70s35PKmurG9Dfeab6PiyhBAfEZEdOxARaeR5AKCUs/s400/constantino.jpg" width="262" /></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bustos do Imperador constatino<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-23680700989513443372011-06-30T08:27:00.000-07:002011-06-30T08:36:02.323-07:00A HISTÓRIA DO IMPRESSIONISMO<h3 style="margin: 1em 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IMPRESSIONISMO<o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O Impressionismo foi o movimento das artes plásticas, desenvolvido na pintura, no final do século XIX, na França, e que influenciou muito a música. Constitui-se no marco da arte moderna por ser o início do caminho rumo ao Abstracionismo. Embora mantenha temas do realismo, não se propõe a fazer denúncia social. Retrata paisagens urbanas e suburbanas, como o naturalismo. A diferença está na abordagem estética: os impressionistas parecem apreender o instante em que a ação acontece ao criar novas maneiras de captar a luz e as cores. Nessa tendência em mostrar situações naturais, extrai conceitos da fotografia, nascida em 1827.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Marcou a primeira revolução artística total desde a Renascença. Nascido na França no início de <b>1860</b>, determinou o curso da maior parte da arte que se seguiu. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDPg3TrE8Qc2kva-ROR1J48jmpyT4AIcsavHJjSQPbAq0SPNwlMd-QC4d8Og9EBIRRkkDEgj6rzBik6gfnIknvLS_MNngEvJ-mys77pSGSJIgOBPf3g4LQpUahlrVKhWB8nEYGhsgf_I8/s1600/images1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDPg3TrE8Qc2kva-ROR1J48jmpyT4AIcsavHJjSQPbAq0SPNwlMd-QC4d8Og9EBIRRkkDEgj6rzBik6gfnIknvLS_MNngEvJ-mys77pSGSJIgOBPf3g4LQpUahlrVKhWB8nEYGhsgf_I8/s400/images1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghrCEg_Sdw7cIyFTF_DcUBU-AdZ1dVgR3BiKfkr2OreFvntKyLyYOmcyfdp6BHQrTQqeG5dLla8bGkjWjmoUTVhHYEsxbDBhYyA0c5p2cQgbqXU3KZTbw4Nlr6Ry-7NQhVd_KBdqP0Kuk/s1600/impressionismo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghrCEg_Sdw7cIyFTF_DcUBU-AdZ1dVgR3BiKfkr2OreFvntKyLyYOmcyfdp6BHQrTQqeG5dLla8bGkjWjmoUTVhHYEsxbDBhYyA0c5p2cQgbqXU3KZTbw4Nlr6Ry-7NQhVd_KBdqP0Kuk/s400/impressionismo.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Ainda no fim do séc. XIX, <b>a academia ainda promovia os ideais da Renascença,</b> opinando que o tema na arte deveria ser nobre ou instrutivo e que o valor de uma obra de arte deveria ser julgado com sua “parecença” descritiva com os objetos naturais.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Os impressionistas contestaram e rebelaram-se contra o monopólio da arte.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> A partir daí também, os críticos tornaram corriqueiro os “ismos” para descrever de forma corriqueira e sarcástica novas formas de arte. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiagwd2-DcbMNpk0CXYm2RR2a2ByOqw9LnNzOevDyXhaoXxUZDZtkdMNTLYBkGiesNWorKoYHnJzmr7q2e29oOMAr0HXv8S1Lo3hOUZTOmFU-8aqDGGcCkJr8q8CQFC0EAI6qBvVkyLdjk/s1600/Nova+Imagem+%252814%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiagwd2-DcbMNpk0CXYm2RR2a2ByOqw9LnNzOevDyXhaoXxUZDZtkdMNTLYBkGiesNWorKoYHnJzmr7q2e29oOMAr0HXv8S1Lo3hOUZTOmFU-8aqDGGcCkJr8q8CQFC0EAI6qBvVkyLdjk/s400/Nova+Imagem+%252814%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg16wPyjipYclW_q8eBTt6OlkHf8oyM5_OeU_eixW94DbTeNJPtQTJfHruqRNAnHJdohErqKF_rWSAHlH4vBS3WAuIymbSZ3UraZZBP4kWub1zQVAvJ4flzubB610raul4_3N7-0aUHDaE/s400/cotidiano-manet-almoconarelva.jpg" width="400" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Manet, um dos primeiros impressionistas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">O papel da arte em uma sociedade modificada era objeto dos debates artísticos, literários e sociais do momento, ainda mais que Paris havia se tornado a primeira metrópole verdadeiramente moderna, física e socialmente. <b>Os impressionistas tinham consciência da própria modernidade.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitGUUDjWXf8UvmuQrnpbCPAKLZdOZqiqat-vjHPWHNZ_dl5O212lf7Pq1O3kUuoRg8nrAb8mT7nIs3LR8FgpOt3yyrd_NCOElWpwSWsA_f_um51QdmMBVG4m3jA9Xt5vRM2zGCufLgxkc/s1600/BertheMorisot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitGUUDjWXf8UvmuQrnpbCPAKLZdOZqiqat-vjHPWHNZ_dl5O212lf7Pq1O3kUuoRg8nrAb8mT7nIs3LR8FgpOt3yyrd_NCOElWpwSWsA_f_um51QdmMBVG4m3jA9Xt5vRM2zGCufLgxkc/s400/BertheMorisot.jpg" width="271" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSi7KKsHADrC1ekKe36UXF6HW_YY2B2u_jzlPQOtexJpuCv4uVrrvKC1cdrc0hIhqWMGNVA2pejb4TPtHRzl6-HlDbaMIA4z7DS55QBC085BORc19ux3f79k_evXolXmYeuNajVFikk6U/s1600/c3a9douard-manet-horsewoman-fullface-ca1882.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSi7KKsHADrC1ekKe36UXF6HW_YY2B2u_jzlPQOtexJpuCv4uVrrvKC1cdrc0hIhqWMGNVA2pejb4TPtHRzl6-HlDbaMIA4z7DS55QBC085BORc19ux3f79k_evXolXmYeuNajVFikk6U/s400/c3a9douard-manet-horsewoman-fullface-ca1882.jpg" width="267" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Retrato de Berthe Morisot (também artista impressionista), por Manet<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">MANET X MONET - com certeza o estilo de Manet é mais acadêmica e mais realista. Siga para baixo que você vai diferenciar bem o Monet do Manet. Monet era um impressionista puro; não se importava com a nitidez, e sim com as pinceladas e as impressões e pinceladas curtas e carregadas deixadas no quadro - seus quadros também são mais vivos que os de Manet.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">PINTAVAM AQUILO QUE O ARTISTA VIA, E NÃO O QUE SABIA.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzdKpi731vxzq6yIDJSK042TgGIp7PdiMi81R3GOL0vvH7yBrr8abirRWqffs9nQR3ctTDJwvC3_j3BolpNkJrJ8sXobDy9el50a_HCSMXA_Clep52NMYJoHMcWMuExPGAu_AkOl0XBr0/s1600/impressionismo-danceclass.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzdKpi731vxzq6yIDJSK042TgGIp7PdiMi81R3GOL0vvH7yBrr8abirRWqffs9nQR3ctTDJwvC3_j3BolpNkJrJ8sXobDy9el50a_HCSMXA_Clep52NMYJoHMcWMuExPGAu_AkOl0XBr0/s400/impressionismo-danceclass.gif" width="347" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFfLDZ9gOF4gmYetgUosW-BcC7dEaVssFFE0tz0UOIzWrdBN1XIEI6s-b4K88ws4bmOVVtWrqNCr1UeWiHXHjVxV0ZXf3eRpiiz7_dj5dS2z_KjrJETb5UtfrHfuDpZbkoymTXc7Oqxx4/s1600/letoile1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFfLDZ9gOF4gmYetgUosW-BcC7dEaVssFFE0tz0UOIzWrdBN1XIEI6s-b4K88ws4bmOVVtWrqNCr1UeWiHXHjVxV0ZXf3eRpiiz7_dj5dS2z_KjrJETb5UtfrHfuDpZbkoymTXc7Oqxx4/s400/letoile1.jpg" width="272" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> Degas, o pintor das bailarinas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Separou-se radicalmente da tradição rejeitando a perspectiva, a composição equilibrada, as figuras idealizadas e o chiaroscuro da Renascença.<u> <b>Em vez disso, representavam sensações visuais imediatas através da cor e da luz.</b></u></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Para inovar a forma de pintar a luminosidade e as cores, os artistas dão enorme importância à luz natural. Nos quadros são comuns cenas passadas à beira do rio Sena, em jardins, cafés, teatros e festas. O que está pintado é um instante de algo em permanente mutação.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2TakyeI3dcX6TfS_ASJifodCuAgwZjBYFAgl6BcoSkoqy6F9UyhH7OKFKaDM78h6s46S1YWQLGQIDIjPwj0f6YmkNmjvoezkqWVnh2Ob6izC1m2Ysqmdrz5xWdzTojImnkYk-m5R-wg8/s1600/458px-Cassatt_Mary_Jules_Being_Dried_by_His_Mother_1900.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2TakyeI3dcX6TfS_ASJifodCuAgwZjBYFAgl6BcoSkoqy6F9UyhH7OKFKaDM78h6s46S1YWQLGQIDIjPwj0f6YmkNmjvoezkqWVnh2Ob6izC1m2Ysqmdrz5xWdzTojImnkYk-m5R-wg8/s400/458px-Cassatt_Mary_Jules_Being_Dried_by_His_Mother_1900.jpg" width="305" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYYAi2J7wRSz5vvC3MD6OsMG8Xg2rOoTYp041_LCiwiNGT6zg2OF3kbpmjEZ3YbYO8qDC4U1iU4vlCpmkU2doQWLNXHoxvoW8KRqap1kznl7cPxnUT0VVLrKjAO8R00QCuW1HoqCCK5Z4/s320/Maternal-Caress.jpg" width="320" /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Mary Cassatt, artista mulher, que usou com grande habilidade o giz pastel<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Foram influenciados pela <a href="http://julirossi.blogsot/"><span style="color: black;">Escola de Barbizon, Courbet, Turner e Constable,</span></a> que demonstravam como os efeitos de luz e variações climáticas poderiam ser explorados na pintura.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Queriam apresentar impressões ou percepções sensoriais iniciais registradas por um artista num breve vislumbre; a cor não é uma característica permanente de um objeto; muda constantemente de acordo com os efeitos da luz, do reflexo ou do clima sobre a superfície do objeto.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCG28jjSUVsnqs1cSxwNvJJEoy4SponnOy2GRfW_xelonm05nw8CpKWPa8xpC_dPKfImTUkUWYvc0dQR-fuRg7znbmi6DgdP2p61NYpHPgHqF7TFxR7KzqoFDDGe4qCw_tCvte_XQki3A/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCG28jjSUVsnqs1cSxwNvJJEoy4SponnOy2GRfW_xelonm05nw8CpKWPa8xpC_dPKfImTUkUWYvc0dQR-fuRg7znbmi6DgdP2p61NYpHPgHqF7TFxR7KzqoFDDGe4qCw_tCvte_XQki3A/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF3A_r8tYmPdB-PFcMylOkVxk9HeTPAG-UzakSRsTzoLXphrqQCqh2ZfJt4f_pufvRyVpnCTwfJE2P7loKfzUsZJTJhYFXZY5tWg4ulQrWQqmJmNNTFZOwCx8RIiH_z1gwP9tHVcPVh40/s400/childe-hassam.jpg" width="400" /><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia3xTY45KNBqduYes-HUHgiiaKtWb41ZQ5aII9G0Xohp7dZGfD5_7KkvCFmaSSljCbfsNDqSRBLWLeT6f2kSfBOcV50CizlxK7K2uWDUUbpkwwIly7U9L3W7lHB0kNKerJj2o_FE7kSSE6/s1600-h/childe_hassam2.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> artista americano do Impressionismo - Childe Hassam </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Abaixo, estudos de Monet sobre um mesmo motivo: Catedral de Rouen. Ele fazia pinceladas rápidas e grossas justamente para pegar rapidamente a impressão da luz sobre a cor, em determinados períodos do dia. <b>Você conseguiria adivinhar qual período do dia ele pintou em cada tela?</b> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZl_XcSj1_iTHxd0RqeR_vdDDxXRSO4P5Fu0YU5ZY1otZuYxA1Lx8vSIUfyCk-3QcGDqjArFERniOEOzzRS_-LcxrSuN992Ys7zFUUeMB9fnMVNyd3_0c9bE67zgNxJGIBqcWUynxSD_w/s1600/rouen1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZl_XcSj1_iTHxd0RqeR_vdDDxXRSO4P5Fu0YU5ZY1otZuYxA1Lx8vSIUfyCk-3QcGDqjArFERniOEOzzRS_-LcxrSuN992Ys7zFUUeMB9fnMVNyd3_0c9bE67zgNxJGIBqcWUynxSD_w/s400/rouen1.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Para retratar essas características voláteis da luz, criaram uma pincelada distinta, curta, cortada. Os críticos, quando viam as obras de perto, diziam que os artistas “disparavam tinta na tela com uma pistola”.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Não gostavam do cinza ou preto, e usavam as cores como parte das sombras.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">O começo</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Em 1874, vários artistas como: <b>Manet, Degas, Monet, Renoir, Cassatt, Sisley, Pissarro e Morisot</b> montaram sua primeira exposição (de 8 cooperativas), pois eram recusados por todos os salões de arte vigentes da época. O nome “impressionistas” veio através de uma denominação depreciativa de um crítico que, ao ver a tela de <b>Monet – “Impressão, Nascer do Sol”,</b> dizia que não passava de uma impressão mal acabada, ou mal feita de uma paisagem. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMy5i17cYaMrHiUlYa9dyr0eItwnsqyAxnC3jqvjOs6aMYhqlP8SIB1U-bZ_QEvfX2QbRTZaM16qINUJ2KlWIYcKBtdZNnV7Nz6JD18oHMqUWPW2a3YJbRz7NG9qwSjV2aLpiUgymzxT4/s1600/nascer-do-sol-monet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMy5i17cYaMrHiUlYa9dyr0eItwnsqyAxnC3jqvjOs6aMYhqlP8SIB1U-bZ_QEvfX2QbRTZaM16qINUJ2KlWIYcKBtdZNnV7Nz6JD18oHMqUWPW2a3YJbRz7NG9qwSjV2aLpiUgymzxT4/s400/nascer-do-sol-monet.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCRFDDvQTn8YqLeqbmuIptcl_zd3w48REZlDgrT6C8pDxl8MvLyOWQisbI0Cm-e5mgihDNxVZKmFTtCTAvzG2q3Es8Lf-woyQxWuINyMwVisat1fWXXIP22bh3W-SiMX9ky_00_BMZ7IY/s1600/129_426-Impression%252520nascer%252520do%252520sol-mhrrs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCRFDDvQTn8YqLeqbmuIptcl_zd3w48REZlDgrT6C8pDxl8MvLyOWQisbI0Cm-e5mgihDNxVZKmFTtCTAvzG2q3Es8Lf-woyQxWuINyMwVisat1fWXXIP22bh3W-SiMX9ky_00_BMZ7IY/s400/129_426-Impression%252520nascer%252520do%252520sol-mhrrs.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> Monet - Impressão, Nascer do Sol </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Insatisfeitos com a exclusão de suas obras, reuniam-se no estúdio do fotógrafo Félix Nadar. A primeira vez que o público teve contato com a obra dos impressionistas foi nessa exposição coletiva realizada em Paris, em abril. Mas o público e a crítica reagiram muito mal ao novo movimento, pois ainda se mantinham fiéis aos princípios acadêmicos da pintura.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw6r_WcFs0FHK7tI62dgI8h6umskIIFDqoz0rFs__tFrVnKK3XuX5sBQGVRmVT5B1o7Lp6DnNc-ee28Te-_YqrL2rmIMmdTcfxbWJLxYK5Ku7oLeS_Y-FAFZoOgWlikCppV89F3bFzXhE/s1600/Degas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw6r_WcFs0FHK7tI62dgI8h6umskIIFDqoz0rFs__tFrVnKK3XuX5sBQGVRmVT5B1o7Lp6DnNc-ee28Te-_YqrL2rmIMmdTcfxbWJLxYK5Ku7oLeS_Y-FAFZoOgWlikCppV89F3bFzXhE/s400/Degas.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYAf1WRi5ZMEt2A4rOqn8qZoVr9K3EYZBRW1v3LWQphNSBPNecMSO8Hlbk4R7uVqRLG90woPQ1RqNXWlzeezy0srppMhjHltTLPREj9InF3qMFsDwn2t97d6k3qGY4R0KpQ7p0qUKq_rs/s1600/ballet-dancer-degas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYAf1WRi5ZMEt2A4rOqn8qZoVr9K3EYZBRW1v3LWQphNSBPNecMSO8Hlbk4R7uVqRLG90woPQ1RqNXWlzeezy0srppMhjHltTLPREj9InF3qMFsDwn2t97d6k3qGY4R0KpQ7p0qUKq_rs/s400/ballet-dancer-degas.jpg" width="368" /></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> Degas </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Tudo começou com o interesse <b>Renoir, Monet, Bazille e Sisley </b>em pintar natureza ao ar livre. Faziam excursões junto para pintar com os artistas de Barbizon. O trabalho deles diferia das normas do oficialismo e academicismo, e pintavam a céu aberto do começo ao fim da obra (inédito na época, pois muitos faziam isso porém terminavam os últimos detalhes no ateliê).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0hjGd-otiERTF4k6N3i5ScOZEqeMDgudaroSjWPosgi_mDXAmvMXrzcCWyMyAKu3X4I9_zD8ctuCyFplUO1_lPHA_jQRge384inkY1_RdvxSybWPCO9dwzO_OUfq0QAjH9c4MBYZZY5o/s1600/Berthe+Morisot+%252C1873.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0hjGd-otiERTF4k6N3i5ScOZEqeMDgudaroSjWPosgi_mDXAmvMXrzcCWyMyAKu3X4I9_zD8ctuCyFplUO1_lPHA_jQRge384inkY1_RdvxSybWPCO9dwzO_OUfq0QAjH9c4MBYZZY5o/s400/Berthe+Morisot+%252C1873.jpg" width="358" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgevSGf8ueIs2EOZiNOz3lihpc0kefXKd_OeCSOhiCwgrtkNTZ1AWdf9mu_RCtoRS1GLIIYxmt3LisI2jOzZKRUwXcoIUSJGO5IXpnFybQyeQnmmP1y18H8PszXEGENXYZFdeJMatWOg0/s1600/untitlede.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgevSGf8ueIs2EOZiNOz3lihpc0kefXKd_OeCSOhiCwgrtkNTZ1AWdf9mu_RCtoRS1GLIIYxmt3LisI2jOzZKRUwXcoIUSJGO5IXpnFybQyeQnmmP1y18H8PszXEGENXYZFdeJMatWOg0/s400/untitlede.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Berthe Morisot, outra artista mulher que se destacou no Impressionismo!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Faziam uso da luz e cor, ao invés do desenho meticulosamente bem feito. Seus trabalhos não refaziam a história, e sim pegavam uma parcela retratada da contemporaneidade da natureza. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMKelNxRn4l2s_mIVwbUZUBH7FYja3rtaPhY3c8mZgXrV-9zdOJGelqD6Nt1BFGjyYeQGiGxKhw-gq9R9zenXvAxpMHcTq-OrqQK8BgJlo-BLo99UyhAzwyNJbAJ6BFLBeVTqSjDPpBlI/s1600/impressionismo-12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMKelNxRn4l2s_mIVwbUZUBH7FYja3rtaPhY3c8mZgXrV-9zdOJGelqD6Nt1BFGjyYeQGiGxKhw-gq9R9zenXvAxpMHcTq-OrqQK8BgJlo-BLo99UyhAzwyNJbAJ6BFLBeVTqSjDPpBlI/s400/impressionismo-12.jpg" width="311" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtiLsgIgN4BDXy3HkVQu4BSINyiu5t0c1MgKYp1BRIUETKOj1u95AM96CR7_g7y4PniK02L900IhA-_G9KRFUNQPDq88tk-wq63rmytffzpWMfOAZl9aHtIYtfFlmk0dq0M9FMTi-FfFI/s1600/renoir_dd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtiLsgIgN4BDXy3HkVQu4BSINyiu5t0c1MgKYp1BRIUETKOj1u95AM96CR7_g7y4PniK02L900IhA-_G9KRFUNQPDq88tk-wq63rmytffzpWMfOAZl9aHtIYtfFlmk0dq0M9FMTi-FfFI/s400/renoir_dd.jpg" width="296" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> Renoir</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">A composição parecia não existir, e a aparência descuidada e carregada repercutiu em algumas críticas, como:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">- fizeram um quadrinho mostrando uma mulher grávida impedida de entrar na exposição para que aquela “imundície”não prejudicasse o neném;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">- um jornal contou como um homem, levado pela “loucura das pinturas”, saiu mordendo inocentes ali presentes;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">- um crítico de arte afirmou que “Nu ao Sol”, de Renoir, a carne da modelo parecia estar podre;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">- chamaram os borrões de Monet de “lambidas” e sua técnica “descuidada”.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Mas foi em 1880 que foram recebidos e aclamados. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">O Impressionismo foi um movimento artístico que revolucionou profundamente a pintura e deu início às grandes tendências da arte do século XX. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"></div><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2EI_Yw360bwkzk69249M_bpnxPH1WUorOOebmQ48QhJ8avbBFBYClQ42gdZ2_C42Q6Cgk2-3DwfIwHlJmYiCIE18DD7_cpbywncEAYW_sa57AFbwBhcK1kSjo65F-W_2dx1MXIpZOL67m/s1600-h/ar050.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2EI_Yw360bwkzk69249M_bpnxPH1WUorOOebmQ48QhJ8avbBFBYClQ42gdZ2_C42Q6Cgk2-3DwfIwHlJmYiCIE18DD7_cpbywncEAYW_sa57AFbwBhcK1kSjo65F-W_2dx1MXIpZOL67m/s1600-h/ar050.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></div></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnrTTfJuKhm0Lih2MIvqwbZkJ8sb1EN1ntRHfgLRquohzm9rNb-XfhZHR-DlL-rP77gHQ_KpFlYGiWZi3YzwM-p-rGEkab4gi3cAAb4qzme_CtgHu5oyFwF53p9syZ8MeowqLa8LEa2Do/s1600/renoir2%255B1%255D.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnrTTfJuKhm0Lih2MIvqwbZkJ8sb1EN1ntRHfgLRquohzm9rNb-XfhZHR-DlL-rP77gHQ_KpFlYGiWZi3YzwM-p-rGEkab4gi3cAAb4qzme_CtgHu5oyFwF53p9syZ8MeowqLa8LEa2Do/s400/renoir2%255B1%255D.PNG" width="330" /></a></div></div></span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> Renoir</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Principais características da pintura:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">* Caráter de esboço e aparente falta de acabamento;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">* Contraste, falta de nitidez, fragmentação de enquadramento da fotografia, gravuras japoneses foram forte influência;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9TLOkedhAuVKDMIqBwuvktK3bvO_v5rZM6LVGw1MbLtuWwaNIJ1kp3Fhle5RX26jr8WB_NTOduNtsX1NDCz4NMU_rVBBXTN1_L3rOAU4z_zF4Lm6Ftex_mwAiGzW6_ZQTc3zNnU8fEFw/s1600/marry%252520cassat%2525201876.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9TLOkedhAuVKDMIqBwuvktK3bvO_v5rZM6LVGw1MbLtuWwaNIJ1kp3Fhle5RX26jr8WB_NTOduNtsX1NDCz4NMU_rVBBXTN1_L3rOAU4z_zF4Lm6Ftex_mwAiGzW6_ZQTc3zNnU8fEFw/s400/marry%252520cassat%2525201876.jpg" width="317" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglFwhNX5K1iC1r3JvKf3zPA4Har9rO7W2CBu6h8Diow6oWGFyjcWY_t91HmbgRoh6r20H-EpyrGCJpKyvnfqEWmu5QlLEt0aPnxmDXYqmwETK-WenVANkr22TIFE4JyNYyOVgd5ihomnI/s1600/458px-Cassatt_Mary_Jules_Being_Dried_by_His_Mother_1900.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglFwhNX5K1iC1r3JvKf3zPA4Har9rO7W2CBu6h8Diow6oWGFyjcWY_t91HmbgRoh6r20H-EpyrGCJpKyvnfqEWmu5QlLEt0aPnxmDXYqmwETK-WenVANkr22TIFE4JyNYyOVgd5ihomnI/s400/458px-Cassatt_Mary_Jules_Being_Dried_by_His_Mother_1900.jpg" width="305" /></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mary Cassatt <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">* A pintura deve registrar as tonalidades que os objetos adquirem ao refletir a luz solar num determinado momento, pois as cores da natureza se modificam constantemente, dependendo da incidência da luz do sol.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">* As figuras não devem ter contornos nítidos, pois a linha é uma abstração do ser humano para representar imagens.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">* As sombras devem ser luminosas e coloridas, tal como é a impressão visual que nos causam, e não escuras ou pretas, como os pintores costumavam representá-las no passado.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1qYdrzPHUdrQ7wBMEZJNNTuJfcTnDsxPDwa9UkSd51PEOuNgwFSIP3ro_I3bzIBpvDQQSagf4G0cW1JZHBz1oBjAXMXF5DG7KyTgdRiDZvQj-BC5TaqkuekSxzP1g7rmvMosSqZUJqCn2/s1600-h/summertimebymarycassatt.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1qYdrzPHUdrQ7wBMEZJNNTuJfcTnDsxPDwa9UkSd51PEOuNgwFSIP3ro_I3bzIBpvDQQSagf4G0cW1JZHBz1oBjAXMXF5DG7KyTgdRiDZvQj-BC5TaqkuekSxzP1g7rmvMosSqZUJqCn2/s1600-h/summertimebymarycassatt.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1qYdrzPHUdrQ7wBMEZJNNTuJfcTnDsxPDwa9UkSd51PEOuNgwFSIP3ro_I3bzIBpvDQQSagf4G0cW1JZHBz1oBjAXMXF5DG7KyTgdRiDZvQj-BC5TaqkuekSxzP1g7rmvMosSqZUJqCn2/s1600-h/summertimebymarycassatt.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;"></div></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgScNplV3v2fVGfUz0hBOV2Wzza4KS92PzFT2_UwVhw38Q-uiG-tXr3UVv92ebBpKOwFIRT_YbIF5auOWHBgdU95ta5WGLqb7cwVu49rDWBcoflOqWe0S_qQZe5BdbXSJy6nwDJvJ2XYqY/s1600/Mary-Cassatt-Woman-Sewing-Oil-Painting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgScNplV3v2fVGfUz0hBOV2Wzza4KS92PzFT2_UwVhw38Q-uiG-tXr3UVv92ebBpKOwFIRT_YbIF5auOWHBgdU95ta5WGLqb7cwVu49rDWBcoflOqWe0S_qQZe5BdbXSJy6nwDJvJ2XYqY/s400/Mary-Cassatt-Woman-Sewing-Oil-Painting.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJnIA0hhtBHo2EPkkYQQSnXCvSy5NON2c1iZQ8Od6ID4fi5xy5l-B6nQDTd3MG63Jktye-Wo-o6xkYWECUZGjy04nyWIlnWO2J0xwal1LHwc3-R-mjZFLSq2OKAV64lvsrmvzzv0DoUKU/s1600/Bacchante-Cassatt-L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJnIA0hhtBHo2EPkkYQQSnXCvSy5NON2c1iZQ8Od6ID4fi5xy5l-B6nQDTd3MG63Jktye-Wo-o6xkYWECUZGjy04nyWIlnWO2J0xwal1LHwc3-R-mjZFLSq2OKAV64lvsrmvzzv0DoUKU/s400/Bacchante-Cassatt-L.jpg" width="327" /></a></div></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mary Cassatt</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">* Os contrastes de luz e sombra devem ser obtidos de acordo com a lei das cores complementares. Assim, um amarelo próximo a um violeta produz uma impressão de luz e de sombra muito mais real do que o claro-escuro tão valorizado pelos pintores barrocos.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">* As cores e tonalidades não devem ser obtidas pela mistura das tintas na paleta do pintor. Pelo contrário, devem ser puras e dissociadas nos quadros em pequenas pinceladas. É o observador que, ao admirar a pintura, combina as várias cores, obtendo o resultado final. A mistura deixa, portanto, de ser técnica para se óptica.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Depois do Impressionismo, a pintura nunca mais foi a mesma. Os pintores seguintes ou expandiram sua prática ou reagiram contra ela. </span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">No Brasil, nas artes plásticas há tendências impressionistas em algumas obras de Eliseu Visconti (1866-1944), Georgina de Albuquerque (1885-1962) e Lucílio de Albuquerque (1877-1939). Uma das telas de Visconti em que se evidencia essa influência é Esperança (Carrinho de Criança), de 1916. Características pós-impressionistas encontram-se em obras de Eliseu Visconti, João Timóteo da Costa (1879-1930) e nas primeiras telas de Anita Malfatti, como O Farol (1915). A música nacionalista, como a desenvolvida no Brasil por Heitor Villa-Lobos, retira muito de sua base</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">-</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">do</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">-</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">impressionismo.<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-23229910753165333192011-06-26T10:38:00.000-07:002011-06-26T10:42:51.367-07:00HISTÓRIA DA ARTE AFRICANA<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> </v:stroke></v:shapetype></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Button_hide.png" id="Imagem_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 13.5pt; visibility: visible; width: 13.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="Button_hide" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Arte da África<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A <b>arte africana</b> representa os usos e costumes das <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribo" title="Tribo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tribos</span></a> <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica" title="África"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">africanas</span></a>. O objeto de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arte</span></a> é funcional e expressam muita sensibilidade. Nas <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pinturas</span></a>, assim como nas <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">esculturas</span></a>, a presença da figura <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humano" title="Humano"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">humana</span></a> identifica a preocupação com os valores <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnia" title="Etnia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">étnicos</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral" title="Moral"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">morais</span></a> e religiosos. </span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH3FbbU3yVEaSbexalqFV7JSwwOuPAQjDsqBbXE-9MTJESgdGRg_D_2nkoLfEHkS1Uwll-0jVKlec3rnBoEZuHzse-2DzMtbyjRRZ0KvH-DxpdhyFdID9tOxSHLCKiCS6tebjG9IqBJx8/s1600/arte-africana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH3FbbU3yVEaSbexalqFV7JSwwOuPAQjDsqBbXE-9MTJESgdGRg_D_2nkoLfEHkS1Uwll-0jVKlec3rnBoEZuHzse-2DzMtbyjRRZ0KvH-DxpdhyFdID9tOxSHLCKiCS6tebjG9IqBJx8/s400/arte-africana.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A escultura foi uma forma de arte muito utilizada pelos artistas africanos usando-se o <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ouro</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bronze</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfim"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">marfim</span></a> como matéria prima. Representando um disfarce para a incorporação dos espíritos e a possibilidade de adquirir forças <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magia" title="Magia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mágicas</span></a>, as <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara" title="Máscara"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">máscaras</span></a> têm um significado <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misticismo" title="Misticismo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">místico</span></a> e importante na arte africana sendo usadas nos <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rituais</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">funerais</span></a>. As máscaras são confeccionadas em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argila" title="Argila"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">barro</span></a>, marfim, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">metais</span></a>, mas o material mais utilizado é a <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">madeira</span></a>. Para estabelecer a purificação e a ligação com a entidade sagrada, são modeladas em segredo na <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selva"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">selva</span></a>. Visitando os <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu" title="Museu"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">museus</span></a> da <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Ocidental" title="Europa Ocidental"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Europa Ocidental</span></a> é possível conhecer o maior acervo da arte antiga africana no mundo.</span><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWuG66O_B3RWmWkkM6n-OfwpVMBPoBQ2IL8ZKGFqJj22FxA8z1XD3rSQ4I0Yw4dn_6Whu45q4L-OPcVaEFtP2IpLPjESZeTnQTEHEfMjVYTH_oA-jCQ58jzBd2sjr7jGdW9I-F8CLhzxg/s1600/Arte+africana-escultura_0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="337" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWuG66O_B3RWmWkkM6n-OfwpVMBPoBQ2IL8ZKGFqJj22FxA8z1XD3rSQ4I0Yw4dn_6Whu45q4L-OPcVaEFtP2IpLPjESZeTnQTEHEfMjVYTH_oA-jCQ58jzBd2sjr7jGdW9I-F8CLhzxg/s400/Arte+africana-escultura_0.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">História</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">As origens da história da arte africana está situada muito antes da história registrada. A arte africana em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocha"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rocha</span></a> no <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saara"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Saara</span></a>, em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADger"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Níger</span></a>, conserva entalhes de 6000 anos. As esculturas mais antigas conhecidas são dos <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nok"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nok</span></a> cultura da <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nigéria</span></a>, feitas por volta <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_500" title="Década de 500"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">500 d.C.</span></a>. Junto com a <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_Subsariana" title="África Subsariana"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">África Subsariana</span></a>, as artes culturais das tribos ocidentais, artefatos do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egito_antigo" title="Egito antigo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Egito antigo</span></a>, e artesanatos indígenas do sul também contribuíram grandemente para a arte africana. Muitas vezes, representando a abundância da natureza circundante, a arte foi muitas vezes interpretações abstratas de animais, vida vegetal, ou desenhos naturais e formas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Métodos mais complexos de produção de arte foram desenvolvidos na África Subsariana, por volta do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_X"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">século X</span></a>, alguns dos mais notáveis avanços incluem o trabalho de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bronze</span></a> do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Ukwu"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Igbo Ukwu</span></a> e a <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracota"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">terracota</span></a> e trabalhos em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">metal</span></a> de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ife" title="Ife"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ile Ife</span></a> fundição em Bronze e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A3o"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">latão</span></a> , muitas vezes ornamentados com <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfim"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">marfim</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedras_preciosas" title="Pedras preciosas"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pedras preciosas</span></a>, tornou-se altamente prestigiado, em grande parte da <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_Ocidental"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">África Ocidental</span></a>, às vezes sendo limitado ao trabalho dos artesãos e identificado com a <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia_real" title="Família real"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">realeza</span></a>, como aconteceu com o <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Bronzes"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Benin Bronzes</span></a>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arte africana na atualidade<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Muitas das chamadas artes tradicionais da África estão sendo ainda trabalhadas, entalhadas e usadas dentro de contextos tradicionais. Mas, como em todos os <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_art%C3%ADstico" title="Movimento artístico"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">períodos da arte</span></a>, importantes inovações também têm sido assimiladas, havendo uma coexistência dos estilos e modos de expressão já estabelecidos com essas inovações que surgem. Nos últimos anos, com o desenvolvimento dos transportes e das comunicações dentro do continente, um grande número de formas de arte tem sido disseminado por entre as diversas culturas africanas.A arte Africana tem uma coisa interessante. Você pode achar semelhança entre dois paises sem eles se assemelharem.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Além das próprias influências africanas, algumas mudanças têm sua origem em outras civilizações. Por exemplo, a arquitetura e as <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_isl%C3%A2mica" title="Arte islâmica"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">formas islâmicas</span></a> podem ser vistas hoje em algumas regiões da <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nigéria</span></a>, em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mali</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Burkina Faso</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Niger</span></a>. Alguns desenhos e pinturas do leste <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">indiano</span></a> têm bastante similaridade em suas formas com as esculturas e máscaras de artistas dos povos Dibibio e Efik que se estabelecem ao sul da Nigéria. Temas <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cristãos</span></a> também tem sido observados nos trabalhos de artistas contemporâneos, principalmente em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja" title="Igreja"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">igrejas</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral" title="Catedral"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">catedrais</span></a> africanas. Vê-se ainda na África, nos últimos anos, um desenvolvimento de formas e estruturas ocidentais modernas, como bancos, estabelecimentos comerciais e sedes governamentais.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLJ7nxDm1cciU3ilbzRGlpGtWyyzbqBtIDCIG2yLwct6wp19rwN-p_j7Ne-6PePrkNTkTAGSCUG5nai4RWkcC6e_GSSkeysxJdA4pSkjBiwO6PBp68RfxAjOH-1JKsloRLRmEpxwvkew0/s1600/200px-Edo_ivory_mask_18472.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLJ7nxDm1cciU3ilbzRGlpGtWyyzbqBtIDCIG2yLwct6wp19rwN-p_j7Ne-6PePrkNTkTAGSCUG5nai4RWkcC6e_GSSkeysxJdA4pSkjBiwO6PBp68RfxAjOH-1JKsloRLRmEpxwvkew0/s400/200px-Edo_ivory_mask_18472.jpg" width="299" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghtTuEbIa5k7GZ8JYWJElahWQknR_UBgtf6a_kYA3emAULIZXGHECDH1-6KNK2LcZXRJ8qfHVXZ-IQAQNyqg_RczXBd2KXZoGpL5D2TdP3kgG0yptuq06ObyxcbkbpXKVFYPRi2GnhJhs/s1600/africanmuseum_6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghtTuEbIa5k7GZ8JYWJElahWQknR_UBgtf6a_kYA3emAULIZXGHECDH1-6KNK2LcZXRJ8qfHVXZ-IQAQNyqg_RczXBd2KXZoGpL5D2TdP3kgG0yptuq06ObyxcbkbpXKVFYPRi2GnhJhs/s400/africanmuseum_6.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Os turistas também tem sido responsáveis por uma nova demanda das artes, particularmente por máscaras decorativas e esculturas africanas feitas de marfim e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89bano" title="Ébano"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ébano</span></a>. O desenvolvimento das escolas de arte e arquitetura em cidades africanas, tem incentivado os artistas a trabalhar com novos meios, tais como <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimento"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cimento</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93leo" title="Óleo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">óleo</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra" title="Pedra"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pedras</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C3%ADnio"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alumínio</span></a>, com uma utilização de diferentes <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor" title="Cor"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cores</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenho" title="Desenho"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">desenhos</span></a>. <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashira_Olatunde&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ashira Olatunde (página não existe)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ashira Olatunde</span></a> da Nigéria e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Mukomberanwa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nicholas Mukomberanwa (página não existe)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nicholas Mukomberanwa</span></a> de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimb%C3%A1bue" title="Zimbábue"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Zimbábue</span></a> estão entre os maiores patrocinadores desse novo tipo de arte na África. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_VkLyBGgjhyphenhyphenojHHnMBRxD2bMGrmAyoyCx-kRDbgDHUS9ymKyOgXtB0EWBSFMyyaE5RqUdk36UogccU3DQbnmeQ7ZEhXaQ8ZFAVVWcdGisUQoTC_h2rpEY95KbMHc8lhvrLt-GEShi4l8/s1600/ife.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_VkLyBGgjhyphenhyphenojHHnMBRxD2bMGrmAyoyCx-kRDbgDHUS9ymKyOgXtB0EWBSFMyyaE5RqUdk36UogccU3DQbnmeQ7ZEhXaQ8ZFAVVWcdGisUQoTC_h2rpEY95KbMHc8lhvrLt-GEShi4l8/s320/ife.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL_2xdOidEgbZvHCNhXOqdtR1cigvn6mKH83Qu-z0RWTL3rKqBSpc38_sfb2ble1wsLI2TlG0GZuEMOP57g-dVK9ipQnWcjYp3a8OoWyl8HEJFdKsBrwPJuXDPABNZ6PuFzB0-qxGT8P0/s1600/untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL_2xdOidEgbZvHCNhXOqdtR1cigvn6mKH83Qu-z0RWTL3rKqBSpc38_sfb2ble1wsLI2TlG0GZuEMOP57g-dVK9ipQnWcjYp3a8OoWyl8HEJFdKsBrwPJuXDPABNZ6PuFzB0-qxGT8P0/s400/untitled.png" width="307" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiELrcgJtP5lUvZWkIHMhjsrmEybNcDFR8jP65ugMla2MKM5UkWdIhYlz7YKJujtG20wJ4UDUt3uR4_fZvafPXQXAFPwTRBy-pID2N0pdnQ5n5JT0qHp5jG0jKB846uENyqBH67zK5-PEM/s1600/34454119_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiELrcgJtP5lUvZWkIHMhjsrmEybNcDFR8jP65ugMla2MKM5UkWdIhYlz7YKJujtG20wJ4UDUt3uR4_fZvafPXQXAFPwTRBy-pID2N0pdnQ5n5JT0qHp5jG0jKB846uENyqBH67zK5-PEM/s400/34454119_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">As formas de arte africana<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A pintura é empregada na decoração das paredes dos palácios reais, celeiros, das <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choupas_sagradas&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Choupas sagradas (página não existe)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">choupas sagradas</span></a>. Seus motivos, muito variados, vão desde formas essencialmente geométricas até a reprodução de cenas de caça e guerra. Serve também para o acabamento das máscaras e para os <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adornos_corporais&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Adornos corporais (página não existe)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">adornos corporais</span></a>. A mais importante manifestação da arte africana é, porém, a escultura. A madeira é um dos materiais preferidos. Ao trabalhá-la, o escultor associa outras técnicas (cestaria, pintura, colagem de tecidos).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNrpK5bZmhcSYm1HBAPTPUZy_CtXziM0_5aNcNx8tuImefzSWgWsvOnScW3NBWqS9eBNrUwLt1cnmGw-pTN-axIbB9bwysU7foCoPn2YraSDnu8FjutO8MmcTV3D0ZOylvFmMiUYgfnBQ/s1600/08.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNrpK5bZmhcSYm1HBAPTPUZy_CtXziM0_5aNcNx8tuImefzSWgWsvOnScW3NBWqS9eBNrUwLt1cnmGw-pTN-axIbB9bwysU7foCoPn2YraSDnu8FjutO8MmcTV3D0ZOylvFmMiUYgfnBQ/s400/08.jpg" width="312" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjckCKRpT7eQkAROMebwORKhzQotBL0AShrTfuRjTUMTFsgievAUrHjGLPsUvqwBlii3GLpyMkTwLUitkPHohCrFxajSI9O7B_gafiG9f3E70N68AKZ_DXNo4jbw_3idVRuucMAHXcSHRc/s1600/escultura-mestre-didi-alapini.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjckCKRpT7eQkAROMebwORKhzQotBL0AShrTfuRjTUMTFsgievAUrHjGLPsUvqwBlii3GLpyMkTwLUitkPHohCrFxajSI9O7B_gafiG9f3E70N68AKZ_DXNo4jbw_3idVRuucMAHXcSHRc/s400/escultura-mestre-didi-alapini.jpg" width="150" /></a></div><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">As máscaras africanas</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">As "máscaras" são as formas mais conhecidas da plástica africana. Constituem síntese de elementos <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADmbolo" title="Símbolo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">simbólicos</span></a> mais variados se convertendo em expressões da vontade criadora do africano.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Foram os objetos que mais impressionaram os povos europeus desde as primeiras exposições em museus do Velho Mundo, através de milhares de peças saqueadas do patrimônio cultural da África, embora sem reconhecimento de seu significado simbólico.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A máscara transforma o corpo do bailarino que conserva sua individualidade e, servindo-se dele como se fosse um suporte vivo e animado, encarna a outro ser; gênio, animal mítico que é representando assim momentaneamente. Uma máscara é um ser que protege quem a carrega. Está destinada a captar a força vital que escapa de um ser humano ou de um animal, no momento de sua morte. A energia captada na máscara é controlada e posteriormente redistribuída em benefício da coletividade. Como exemplo dessas máscaras destacamos as <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epa" title="Epa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Epa</span></a> e as Gueledeé ou <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelede"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gelede</span></a> .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguQq8vAvHkz-0nQAv5Y9mki72ATSXdmn7rwTtylNp4gSim5PhZ6gSaIBeWg3OiRD_D48Pr_S8Jvju28e7tRJTW3zJvTk14_PbRuucyVXaCo8fnz5_wxygsrz6aeOeRkB5REpjqygFm1fA/s1600/71528141.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguQq8vAvHkz-0nQAv5Y9mki72ATSXdmn7rwTtylNp4gSim5PhZ6gSaIBeWg3OiRD_D48Pr_S8Jvju28e7tRJTW3zJvTk14_PbRuucyVXaCo8fnz5_wxygsrz6aeOeRkB5REpjqygFm1fA/s320/71528141.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> Máscaras Epa<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnWeG12raIg3_EIhAgAkDlUUuwn6069GuwT2HJDnUeAxjTRoaCIt4evmBaddbMxe0QJQGDtPbcbfdaM-mnikq4F0ySfpWnhs-ifsxFJ5C5kIlWF-9N6iDa4k4ItaUrSPIsl24s9znm5zA/s1600/gelede.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnWeG12raIg3_EIhAgAkDlUUuwn6069GuwT2HJDnUeAxjTRoaCIt4evmBaddbMxe0QJQGDtPbcbfdaM-mnikq4F0ySfpWnhs-ifsxFJ5C5kIlWF-9N6iDa4k4ItaUrSPIsl24s9znm5zA/s400/gelede.JPG" width="297" /></a></div> Máscara Gelede<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arte e religião<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">As civilizações africanas tem uma <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holismo" title="Holismo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">visão holística</span></a> e simbólica da vida. Cada indivíduo é parte de um todo, ligados, todos em função do <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo" title="Cosmo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cosmos</span></a> em uma eterna busca pela harmonia e de equilíbrio. Outro conceito fundamental na <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">filosofia</span></a> da existência africana é a importância do grupo, para que a comunidade viva, cada fiel deve participar seguindo o papel que lhe pertence em nível espiritual e terreno.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsiomO5ASblJJwdA1wM33NUhSThcv7_tKR-EmYfqPnpGAzblbxdlYyDxHDnPU5FkDb4XNX6TZDist1DTVFRVTjiM0GSrkiFZSOiTsaHqAGUZotE1eK8meCNJaqVmd1HFtEXbNCo-m5Z4k/s1600/Escuafro.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsiomO5ASblJJwdA1wM33NUhSThcv7_tKR-EmYfqPnpGAzblbxdlYyDxHDnPU5FkDb4XNX6TZDist1DTVFRVTjiM0GSrkiFZSOiTsaHqAGUZotE1eK8meCNJaqVmd1HFtEXbNCo-m5Z4k/s400/Escuafro.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Escuafro<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFaNLU90HEUJobrunPUADORV91LhVuZyNFRnu3iSGb81vyxJV-GYwRuswWCzHXstyGj_Vr14BPb-ocQLHzGrWzHh3I71Q3St_cqhIR8_CDwcFUgHNk6h7FMk_6Q76t26EnBSGor1wdhbA/s1600/0%252C%252C22583799-FMM%252C00.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFaNLU90HEUJobrunPUADORV91LhVuZyNFRnu3iSGb81vyxJV-GYwRuswWCzHXstyGj_Vr14BPb-ocQLHzGrWzHh3I71Q3St_cqhIR8_CDwcFUgHNk6h7FMk_6Q76t26EnBSGor1wdhbA/s400/0%252C%252C22583799-FMM%252C00.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> Candomblé<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Principais religiões<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">As únicas religiões que tem relação com a arte africana no <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Brasil</span></a>, são o <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Candomblé</span></a>, e o <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_aos_Egungun" title="Culto aos Egungun"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Culto aos Egungun</span></a> efetivamente de origem africana.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_pX9UO3wfnhtN0Y3hKjK1t6-9w4Q1-VH0fQWiEwM0IDm_iPYBn9rhauUd0mX4B19zf6tBPVTc-y-_fHr28hIoqW3kw6G1GKk13w3CPRhNmx2tVNM43IXN8Zg-4j71bp8wZ4bw-HzA3lM/s1600/egungun.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_pX9UO3wfnhtN0Y3hKjK1t6-9w4Q1-VH0fQWiEwM0IDm_iPYBn9rhauUd0mX4B19zf6tBPVTc-y-_fHr28hIoqW3kw6G1GKk13w3CPRhNmx2tVNM43IXN8Zg-4j71bp8wZ4bw-HzA3lM/s400/egungun.jpg" width="281" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Egungun</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">O <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_de_If%C3%A1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Culto de Ifá</span></a> em menor número no Brasil é o maior responsável pela divulgação da <a href="http://www.homestead.com/wysinger/yoruba.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yoruba Art</span></a> em todo mundo, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Estados Unidos</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cuba</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Alemanha</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">França</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Inglaterra</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanha"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Espanha</span></a>, são os países onde o maior número de peças podem ser encontradas, em museus e coleções particulares.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX4QLOG_nPxqS_bB-P8td4VYylfGlQTQl2DxiL1H2ydVxRoDTdV1sLWVaa06yb0uzsUld0PS6mLRaFflMIQGmTvDUZKdUE_8Q0ceDnCMgcgBx6AayhQZ5_qyMfIBQpDDrr0IoaUhBG6R0/s1600/mulheresafrikasearrumando.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX4QLOG_nPxqS_bB-P8td4VYylfGlQTQl2DxiL1H2ydVxRoDTdV1sLWVaa06yb0uzsUld0PS6mLRaFflMIQGmTvDUZKdUE_8Q0ceDnCMgcgBx6AayhQZ5_qyMfIBQpDDrr0IoaUhBG6R0/s320/mulheresafrikasearrumando.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge3GuW8Hv1jHfdyW3PO1b0ZDeRC8FEQkImvyD7taLTuiXgVWNqUwJAmzuOVJHRnbtz7St9Kj3tYtrhELRPRGM2IJJjC5ZheqjQJwRW6KQDbu_gcRDoZUVj2sHawXFLbnULNonC6UKgvlQ/s1600/esuegbe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge3GuW8Hv1jHfdyW3PO1b0ZDeRC8FEQkImvyD7taLTuiXgVWNqUwJAmzuOVJHRnbtz7St9Kj3tYtrhELRPRGM2IJJjC5ZheqjQJwRW6KQDbu_gcRDoZUVj2sHawXFLbnULNonC6UKgvlQ/s400/esuegbe.jpg" width="306" /></a></div> Culto de Ifá<br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Dança africana<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Na <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%C3%A7a"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dança</span></a> africana, cada parte do corpo movimenta-se com um <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ritmo</span></a> diferente. Os pés seguem a base musical, acompanhados pelos braços que equilibram o balanço dos pés. O corpo pode ser comparado a uma orquestra que, tocando vários instrumentos, harmoniza-os numa única sinfonia. Outra característica fundamental é o <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policentrismo&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Policentrismo (página não existe)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">policentrismo</span></a> que indica a existência no corpo e na música de vários centros energéticos, assim como acontece no cosmo. A dança africana é um texto formado por várias camadas de sentidos. Esta dimensionalidade é entendida como a possibilidade de exprimir através e para todos os sentidos. No momento que a sacerdotisa dança para Oxum, ela está criando a água doce não só através do movimento, mas através de todo o aparelho sensorial. A memória é o aspeto ontológico da estética africana. É a memória da tradição, da ancestralidade e do antigo equilíbrio da natureza, da época na qual não existiam diferenças, nem separação entre o mundo dos seres humanos e os dos <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus" title="Deus"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">deuses</span></a>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilLovffp34o4NoZNA33xvq1qKtF8DUAmcYqy8Y3aVpPCDQYkptBMKa5nypiRE39bj9I0Ddxgr9T5K7ay2POoH3anywG_cqwBWS16Pod84Xe999w-99IdG9KnJCcUBFthEF1fPGakjjvuU/s1600/001401.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilLovffp34o4NoZNA33xvq1qKtF8DUAmcYqy8Y3aVpPCDQYkptBMKa5nypiRE39bj9I0Ddxgr9T5K7ay2POoH3anywG_cqwBWS16Pod84Xe999w-99IdG9KnJCcUBFthEF1fPGakjjvuU/s400/001401.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzEcUYebQ5dIs1HvGfZnHE9L747TQ2rkk-7FIWfvi9KITPmvgJMPewtbDnewOx_CMYhs6iLd9-JQ0L903-kWP9Jo7djk2dLxxRBhj0Xw7E_YaNH4WBFlzC0YZjtngo56Ng2P_bUeYqb3o/s1600/350pxDNST8508495.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzEcUYebQ5dIs1HvGfZnHE9L747TQ2rkk-7FIWfvi9KITPmvgJMPewtbDnewOx_CMYhs6iLd9-JQ0L903-kWP9Jo7djk2dLxxRBhj0Xw7E_YaNH4WBFlzC0YZjtngo56Ng2P_bUeYqb3o/s400/350pxDNST8508495.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A repetição do padrão-musical manifesta a energia que os fieis estão invocando. A repetição dos movimentos produz o <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transe" title="Transe"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">efeito de transe</span></a> que leva ao encontro com a divindade, muito usado em rituais. O mesmo ato ou gesto é praticado num número infinito de vezes, para dar à ação um caráter de atemporalidade, de continuação e de criação continua. Nas danças africanas o contato contínuo dos pés nus com a terra é fundamental para absorver as energias que deste lugar se propagam e para enfatizar a vida que tem que ser vivida agora e neste lugar, ao contrario das danças ocidentais performadas sobre as pontas a testemunhar a vontade de deixar este mundo para alcançar um <i>outro</i>. Existem várias danças. Entre elas destacam-se: <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundu"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lundu</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuque"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">batuque</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijex%C3%A1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ijexá</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">capoeira</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_(dan%C3%A7a)" title="Coco (dança)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">coco</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congada" title="Congada"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">congadas</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jongo</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAY2SgVAwn1m9hnYOFVbMRfff923tTdQM0sqODTtCDKezdbTgnsbLCQQN5Ez_DTIo-tEmvxqDioK9rjzUPkf8M1fx18FaCOne9_v6cgrNWLCCWZf-GEcwYzJ9NVnhyphenhyphen4OTO8O4Qk4JYcpE/s1600/GEDC0101.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAY2SgVAwn1m9hnYOFVbMRfff923tTdQM0sqODTtCDKezdbTgnsbLCQQN5Ez_DTIo-tEmvxqDioK9rjzUPkf8M1fx18FaCOne9_v6cgrNWLCCWZf-GEcwYzJ9NVnhyphenhyphen4OTO8O4Qk4JYcpE/s400/GEDC0101.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Batuque</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyUHXjECehVwbODpJWo6RKvdPx83FtDS8-pTng9E4Slue1-M4BYl7-qbBLvWSNU61XUWZ3DyWdF_CXCVqVga2ASUF9eULuhD_TkFKnBVpEy4R6VdKxqnReT-er-qlfh92UHB64Igs0sio/s1600/Capoeira+Angola.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyUHXjECehVwbODpJWo6RKvdPx83FtDS8-pTng9E4Slue1-M4BYl7-qbBLvWSNU61XUWZ3DyWdF_CXCVqVga2ASUF9eULuhD_TkFKnBVpEy4R6VdKxqnReT-er-qlfh92UHB64Igs0sio/s400/Capoeira+Angola.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Capoeira Angolana</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Tipos de Danças Africanas menos comuns:</span></b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Kizomba Ritmo quente, originário de Angola, não pára de conquistar cada vez mais praticantes. É uma das danças sempre tocadas nas discotecas, não só africanas. Quente, suave, apaixonante… Vários estilos, técnicas, influencias. Toda variedade e diversidade de Kizomba.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN_BAYszsE4fUPCL1-ojQXD3JaObfwKEDPHopDBSyocXZkSot2xnT7WI75WwWImFHc9WRUrftn87l_0qwbbVqv1mpIlGAlU3zGCxiRipbYgMS69kUt7SYYfbvxFRrMd2k0TgVh1I9RxQY/s1600/Festa+da+Kizomba+2009_+009.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN_BAYszsE4fUPCL1-ojQXD3JaObfwKEDPHopDBSyocXZkSot2xnT7WI75WwWImFHc9WRUrftn87l_0qwbbVqv1mpIlGAlU3zGCxiRipbYgMS69kUt7SYYfbvxFRrMd2k0TgVh1I9RxQY/s400/Festa+da+Kizomba+2009_+009.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcTJwQ_ii2JTWguliNXr4nrARaNK8yfGva7LXQSAylQYhfEFw7UJAYmWymzbaxZJ8EFRHu9ngT2grjfkmXIHSqTXL0b6TQ6ePHf7IJrXLzUdLrudrl2e41MZMHnto5BDZ9I5ZDn1RBoo4/s1600/DSC02444.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcTJwQ_ii2JTWguliNXr4nrARaNK8yfGva7LXQSAylQYhfEFw7UJAYmWymzbaxZJ8EFRHu9ngT2grjfkmXIHSqTXL0b6TQ6ePHf7IJrXLzUdLrudrl2e41MZMHnto5BDZ9I5ZDn1RBoo4/s400/DSC02444.JPG" width="400" /></a></div> Kizomba<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Semba É uma dança de salão angolana urbana. Dançada a pares, com passadas distintas dos cavalheiros, seguidas pelas damas em passos totalmente largos onde o malabarismo dos cavalheiros conta muito a nível de improvisação. O Semba caracteriza-se como uma dança de passadas. Não é ritual nem guerreira, mas sim dança de divertimento principalmente em festas, dançada ao som do Semba.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCrPM9S-o1MZblxOzvYpfeVQR9h4adB2LAXHCrXnyJ-teIMEtwPU19_oFcWwmkO0XEOPaGbRxvc3VnAEzbpbu3xbmGwwGFykzo_-t12s0m37M8jpuU0gfm2PyUBPj3zZfxo8fkLde5ZOw/s1600/samba2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCrPM9S-o1MZblxOzvYpfeVQR9h4adB2LAXHCrXnyJ-teIMEtwPU19_oFcWwmkO0XEOPaGbRxvc3VnAEzbpbu3xbmGwwGFykzo_-t12s0m37M8jpuU0gfm2PyUBPj3zZfxo8fkLde5ZOw/s400/samba2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Samba</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Danças Caboverdianas Toda a variedade de ritmos originários de Cabo Verde: Funána, Mazurka, Morna, Coladera, Batuque.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3YtRTGTiGKcKe7Rf7eMZPenzACwK8bM6kAkxuwR5ax6BIOBKJdmU-a-barb65iVLQVK_K4DQoSfVKL7353eIrxcvRcPRg1Zk7_ITl8rb5CddG3cWMvXFnnCcm7XHhYxeUgEuz1lbbEmw/s1600/FOTO_D%257E1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3YtRTGTiGKcKe7Rf7eMZPenzACwK8bM6kAkxuwR5ax6BIOBKJdmU-a-barb65iVLQVK_K4DQoSfVKL7353eIrxcvRcPRg1Zk7_ITl8rb5CddG3cWMvXFnnCcm7XHhYxeUgEuz1lbbEmw/s400/FOTO_D%257E1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Dança de Cabo Verde</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Danças Tribais Uma forte característica trazida para o Estilo Tribal das danças tribais é a coletividade. Não há performances solos no Estilo Tribal. As bailarinas, como numa tribo, celebram a vida e a dança em grupo. Dentre as várias disposições cênicas do Estilo Tribal estão a roda e a meia lua. No grande círculo, as bailarinas têm a oportunidade de se comunicarem visualmente, de dançarem umas para as outras, de manterem o vínculo que as une como trupe. Da meia lua, surgem duetos, trios, quartetos, pequenos grupos que se destacam para levar até o público esta interatividade.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMPMV0BN54LzBsGcstUUIh4OTa7qs0UMZgNz2DOy5Mdtj7RlxNidPTRvrjxTZsabyjfaz4Hyu3DxeIFru9_JFT1GHK0h21K3-7ZWOzceSewqtfTBA6SYR2a_At0mAQiPbrtMQX4bQF0AU/s1600/tanzania-african-dance-party-flickr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMPMV0BN54LzBsGcstUUIh4OTa7qs0UMZgNz2DOy5Mdtj7RlxNidPTRvrjxTZsabyjfaz4Hyu3DxeIFru9_JFT1GHK0h21K3-7ZWOzceSewqtfTBA6SYR2a_At0mAQiPbrtMQX4bQF0AU/s400/tanzania-african-dance-party-flickr.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3CDrp6xeiCTukBVPBTbLNpXtS7nSVtbk08ksofnp2QlWlWMYyrWVSaPYqRog0vwmegCC4Z6i3o-XivBIXItDS_q9fKzmnMmFlqIk_iOZZYrTqzgfNL_XssFOdBeOR0IPIuGpWUIUB680/s1600/100910_f_007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3CDrp6xeiCTukBVPBTbLNpXtS7nSVtbk08ksofnp2QlWlWMYyrWVSaPYqRog0vwmegCC4Z6i3o-XivBIXItDS_q9fKzmnMmFlqIk_iOZZYrTqzgfNL_XssFOdBeOR0IPIuGpWUIUB680/s400/100910_f_007.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p> Danças Tribais Africanas</o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Esculturas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Esculturas em marfim<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A produção em madeira com marfim incrustado. Em menor quantidade estão os objetos esculpidos em pedra dura.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTqFMTETy_fhwuuS18zGezVAVWX94WCU5sdGjYk0ZPbXJ56O1qooL37UNGFWSQ4e6dmaI-lNUxtKC2kc10nvvfkIrgIooPYI2sAcK3EGq1oq7bF6yJ4ElzT6IBQivs9njKBlc2OdZikGE/s1600/429_______.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTqFMTETy_fhwuuS18zGezVAVWX94WCU5sdGjYk0ZPbXJ56O1qooL37UNGFWSQ4e6dmaI-lNUxtKC2kc10nvvfkIrgIooPYI2sAcK3EGq1oq7bF6yJ4ElzT6IBQivs9njKBlc2OdZikGE/s400/429_______.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGvZ9TP4GMi_ZBXmekc1reoPhRpj25UkckUDYo-No9Owi2CyNtJgH6NbebKb5B8m28v0nmoVpeUJRFULMqDSuhV2METlUHJysxP4g7ur4eEY8KATIkTJteQLwPneusmZ_ox2GFcNjzo9U/s1600/Marfim-Africano-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGvZ9TP4GMi_ZBXmekc1reoPhRpj25UkckUDYo-No9Owi2CyNtJgH6NbebKb5B8m28v0nmoVpeUJRFULMqDSuhV2METlUHJysxP4g7ur4eEY8KATIkTJteQLwPneusmZ_ox2GFcNjzo9U/s400/Marfim-Africano-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Esculturas em madeira<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A escultura em madeira é a fabricação de múltiplas figuras que servem de atributo às divindades, podendo ser cabeças de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">animais</span></a>, figuras alusivas a acontecimentos, fatos circunstanciais pessoais que o homem coloca frente às forças. Existem também objetos que denotam poder, como <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ins%C3%ADgnia" title="Insígnia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">insígnias</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espada" title="Espada"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">espadas</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan%C3%A7a" title="Lança"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lanças</span></a> com ricas esculturas em madeira recoberta por lâminas de ouro sempre denotando um motivo alusivo à figura dos dignitários. Os utensílios de uso cotidiano, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta" title="Porta"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">portas</span></a> e <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_(arquitectura)" title="Portal (arquitectura)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">portais</span></a> para suas casas, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadeira" title="Cadeira"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cadeiras</span></a> e utensílios diversos sempre repetindo os mesmo desenhos estilísticos.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfUthLBB4bT9iKx8-eO82gHMYaoCvVpcI-ZjVn2A_g_KFmqWuE8CUEV61qDWtcro_bVhOwnVdatzrs32bAfK43h6rkqsy0LLixDu-XrIMhQOouup6_mZh3uRCr7F3DgQmUV2lrK31efts/s1600/25486.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfUthLBB4bT9iKx8-eO82gHMYaoCvVpcI-ZjVn2A_g_KFmqWuE8CUEV61qDWtcro_bVhOwnVdatzrs32bAfK43h6rkqsy0LLixDu-XrIMhQOouup6_mZh3uRCr7F3DgQmUV2lrK31efts/s400/25486.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrYXE-ATbY9_yvRqQLAHaZscPaakul6cT3CyhpBJUFy7nG6dzUUK5D10eWcmd5S0hvhGVz2skXaW0HAZXno_4iyYm_-eFwAuZnrhjVWhPMYDUbqb-G3HZm-zhtVlBJ_LgkwLFcyAnQakI/s1600/11360875_26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrYXE-ATbY9_yvRqQLAHaZscPaakul6cT3CyhpBJUFy7nG6dzUUK5D10eWcmd5S0hvhGVz2skXaW0HAZXno_4iyYm_-eFwAuZnrhjVWhPMYDUbqb-G3HZm-zhtVlBJ_LgkwLFcyAnQakI/s400/11360875_26.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Esculturas em outros materiais</span></b></div><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Ewe_kente_stripes,_Ghana.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Ewe_kente_stripes,_Ghana.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Ewe_kente_stripes,_Ghana.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></span></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDbI-qGHuDtYlLQaVfP4z2XJkGaMJKSQwp43kwfSgq7sdQaiEbAeVhP-O4AiXKXmLnRleBrR4OI0hafVcymHiBgkSw45iOU472-awoygOj6BGKp9xtSD3_2pX9-c6TQpIftukqvFYCx90/s1600/24954.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDbI-qGHuDtYlLQaVfP4z2XJkGaMJKSQwp43kwfSgq7sdQaiEbAeVhP-O4AiXKXmLnRleBrR4OI0hafVcymHiBgkSw45iOU472-awoygOj6BGKp9xtSD3_2pX9-c6TQpIftukqvFYCx90/s400/24954.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> Escultura em Bronze</div></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Tecido <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kente"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kente</span></a> do Gana.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Além das esculturas em madeira existem os objetos confeccionados com fragmentos de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidro"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vidro</span></a> das mais variadas cores, colocados em gorros, possuindo uma gama de figuras humanas e de animais, feitas com fio de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algod%C3%A3o"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">algodão</span></a> que passam por todo o tecido, colocados sempre em combinação vertical. As pedras podem ser alternadas por <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowry" title="Cowry"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cowrys</span></a>, <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canudilho&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Canudilho (página não existe)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">canudilhos</span></a> metálicos ou de seda e algodão.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDn4eNcd7Uz0NYTxg9cZH5UzBoQ8dPjFKseJwGrfZFTuo9GoVb2ra04deq4B9t6wngbkpyZqXhaOns8XytEvO_FP4jxnsT1pwV6Hr9MPyyZOOjJwuo_KPAob-8YkwoxBDg76fLZRBwXXo/s1600/126294186.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDn4eNcd7Uz0NYTxg9cZH5UzBoQ8dPjFKseJwGrfZFTuo9GoVb2ra04deq4B9t6wngbkpyZqXhaOns8XytEvO_FP4jxnsT1pwV6Hr9MPyyZOOjJwuo_KPAob-8YkwoxBDg76fLZRBwXXo/s400/126294186.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></span> </div><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Neide_da_Costa.jpeg"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></span></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPS-oCwXyZb3j2W7Bzo-5HnbB2e5ZQwsw1iar5QvkjftmzaTA5Wd8jFQ48Bkw8jkGXHxZu4n48_NgWEzwYpSc9Co0BIVGjoHFwpfKpkLrlSqiKxFxmsvA-SupMLd5SjqWNKMSpabObMns/s1600/kente-pics4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPS-oCwXyZb3j2W7Bzo-5HnbB2e5ZQwsw1iar5QvkjftmzaTA5Wd8jFQ48Bkw8jkGXHxZu4n48_NgWEzwYpSc9Co0BIVGjoHFwpfKpkLrlSqiKxFxmsvA-SupMLd5SjqWNKMSpabObMns/s400/kente-pics4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"></div></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Os tecidos são lisos ou estampados, os <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordado" title="Bordado"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bordados</span></a> são rebordados com linhas e com pedras de vidro. Confeccionam roupas longas e gorros. A inventividade do bordado com pedras de vidro está muito espalhada nas populações da República da Nigéria. Os suportes para abanos, crinas e rabos de animais, também decoram com pedras de vidro, canudilhos e cauris.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Os tecidos e o <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestu%C3%A1rio" title="Vestuário"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vestuário</span></a> chegaram a um desenvolvimento plástico considerável em zona de cultura urbana, assimilando muitos elementos da <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indument%C3%A1ria_isl%C3%A2mica&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Indumentária islâmica (página não existe)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">indumentária islâmica</span></a> e outros introduzidos pelos europeus colonialistas. O <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tear"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tear</span></a> horizontal, permitiu a confecção variada de tiras que posteriormente se juntam longitudinalmente para formar tecidos maiores. Deste tipo de confecção o mais característico é o chamado <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kente"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kente</span></a>, entre os <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ashanti</span></a>. Ainda entre estes tecidos está o estampado chamado Denkira, com figuras diferentes que se combinam para estruturar um desenho ou determinar um motivo fundamental. Os desenhos são imersos em uma tintura <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vegetal</span></a> e impressos em tecido branco estendido em uma almofada.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">O <i>Alaká</i> africano, conhecido como <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pano_da_costa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pano da costa</span></a> no <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Brasil</span></a> é produzido por <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tecel%C3%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tecelã (página não existe)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tecelãs</span></a> do terreiro de <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Candomblé</span></a> <i>Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá</i> em <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_(Bahia)" title="Salvador (Bahia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Salvador</span></a>, no espaço chamado de <i>Casa do Alaká</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4flhUpAYb6YwvDaEOjkGDh_VV2aGwEXp9W70ENfdHr4wSf5TDYAQ0pBNctO98JwpdwHW7pe0ymzQ6bQs20fivHhhM1tdMBJk3I-uVwKGsg3HOy4kjla3gON7V7JIok_SHDHH5Ghoy1sM/s1600/produto_Foto2_1383326.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4flhUpAYb6YwvDaEOjkGDh_VV2aGwEXp9W70ENfdHr4wSf5TDYAQ0pBNctO98JwpdwHW7pe0ymzQ6bQs20fivHhhM1tdMBJk3I-uVwKGsg3HOy4kjla3gON7V7JIok_SHDHH5Ghoy1sM/s400/produto_Foto2_1383326.jpg" width="348" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Materiais usados<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Ferro<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">O <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ferro</span></a> é utilizado à partir de uma prancha fundida mediante pressão e calor. São confeccionados muitos atributos em várias formas pelos <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abomei" title="Abomei"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Abomei</span></a>, de quem é a imagem da entidade Gu, dono do ferro representado por uma figura antropomorfa. Com a mesma técnica são encontrados vários atributos a variadas entidades e também vários instrumentos musicais.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5w14STNECnewTPrQSe5wdRZRCTaz1gvTVtoSgS7CJlVGesgvQyqQQ4hpRJswR7_hAcaErLMIAlm79suk4nKP2a7QbN2Cleh9eitPldYZgyWBTpU8F8-tqfJDlKbcoKq2Uq5OlXE9SnhM/s1600/DSC00819.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5w14STNECnewTPrQSe5wdRZRCTaz1gvTVtoSgS7CJlVGesgvQyqQQ4hpRJswR7_hAcaErLMIAlm79suk4nKP2a7QbN2Cleh9eitPldYZgyWBTpU8F8-tqfJDlKbcoKq2Uq5OlXE9SnhM/s400/DSC00819.JPG" width="300" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Nestas, os detalhes da figura humana estão um pouco resumidos, destacando algumas marcas regionais, e nisto, assim como nas proporções gerais, diferem das de Ifé, nas que se percebe a procura dos modelos anatômicos, como se fossem <a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrato" title="Retrato"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">retratos</span></a>, dentro de um tamanho menor. As cabeças de bronze apresentam variedades de caracteres faciais, presos em detalhes sutis que permitem apreciar diferentes expressões nos rostos e até incluem algumas deformações anatômicas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Picasso e a África<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pablo Picasso</span></a> (1881-1973), mesmo nunca tendo ido a África, produzia obras com máscaras e estátuas que ele tinha com ele enquanto trabalhava. Picasso dizia que <i>o "vírus" da arte africana o tinha contagiado.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz7A87Gg5TE1qr_MIMbMBzN5PdbJPr-9a9KdSb-zUOzdFQQST36zZooLCi0nBG00YmIb7Huws1CbF3lKxVzj1qEpIlX1DiNjO5Ovujgy-woyZH_0HbxumI7JK5gU6fpfwdCVkDLLO39a8/s1600/imagesCAD3ROAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz7A87Gg5TE1qr_MIMbMBzN5PdbJPr-9a9KdSb-zUOzdFQQST36zZooLCi0nBG00YmIb7Huws1CbF3lKxVzj1qEpIlX1DiNjO5Ovujgy-woyZH_0HbxumI7JK5gU6fpfwdCVkDLLO39a8/s400/imagesCAD3ROAL.jpg" width="387" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZO5Cw_Ld4r0j8UAC7VPr7z2WqyZsrd9FhjQQNnmDbjji-pdH7FT2oGx8k82m6QtZXYZ0Yy56FKz9rjbmuE2IwyXT3eJVXl0fKmgWvCCqyss1JXfqKZec_uYqB_mMiLE6plgMZhkfK6FI/s1600/untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZO5Cw_Ld4r0j8UAC7VPr7z2WqyZsrd9FhjQQNnmDbjji-pdH7FT2oGx8k82m6QtZXYZ0Yy56FKz9rjbmuE2IwyXT3eJVXl0fKmgWvCCqyss1JXfqKZec_uYqB_mMiLE6plgMZhkfK6FI/s400/untitled.png" width="266" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt -7.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-22888157970250297102011-06-26T07:25:00.000-07:002011-06-26T07:32:07.243-07:00A HISTÓRIA DO GRAFITE<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> </v:stroke></v:shapetype></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 22pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Grafite (arte)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl2ZNWwf_DWi5T5uLrBtJ_eyC2pzZFwLNHCe_Cxc45kcBT_qh3crGmbbFuQ5qcsoYI61JbwoT8ZHnFaA6EwDaS9xmjQGh1IlWGw1V1axekRKs8sW7mPA7jx4SemeBxQJcKeQnSUA4U7Vk/s1600/12695_000wfzg4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl2ZNWwf_DWi5T5uLrBtJ_eyC2pzZFwLNHCe_Cxc45kcBT_qh3crGmbbFuQ5qcsoYI61JbwoT8ZHnFaA6EwDaS9xmjQGh1IlWGw1V1axekRKs8sW7mPA7jx4SemeBxQJcKeQnSUA4U7Vk/s400/12695_000wfzg4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Grafites no </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_de_Berlim" title="Muro de Berlim"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Muro de Berlim</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWiJXmJ4h9ADeVaSmPE2sarvMiCuzysuaBf7sZj_EhCy5fKv-RLbUMn5EMcdsyJSE4W0rcq-pGoDNJDVEhV6eWXBgrhfbZzzLCCq0kczNlb4dWvzcSrENZNzpgb10J1v3A9RhzsK4vSls/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWiJXmJ4h9ADeVaSmPE2sarvMiCuzysuaBf7sZj_EhCy5fKv-RLbUMn5EMcdsyJSE4W0rcq-pGoDNJDVEhV6eWXBgrhfbZzzLCCq0kczNlb4dWvzcSrENZNzpgb10J1v3A9RhzsK4vSls/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> Grafite Urbano (Mural)<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br />
<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Grafite</b> ou <b>grafito</b> (do </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lia" title="Itália"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">italiano</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> <i><span lang="PT">graffiti</span></i><span lang="PT">, plural de <i>graffito</i>) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">significa em Latim e Italiano “escritas feitas com carvão” grafiti vem da palavra “graphein”, que em Grego significa escrever, sendo também o nome que se dá ao material de carbono que compõe o lápis, de onde se conclui que graffitis tem tudo a ver com escrever com carvão,</span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> desde o </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano" title="Império Romano"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Império Romano</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Considera-se <i>grafite</i> uma inscrição caligrafada ou um desenho pintado ou gravado sobre um suporte que não é normalmente previsto para esta finalidade.Por muito tempo visto como um assunto irrelevante ou mera </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraven%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Contravenção"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">contravenção</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, atualmente o grafite já é considerado como forma de expressão incluída no âmbito das </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_visuais" title="Artes visuais"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">artes visuais</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, mais especificamente, da <i>street art</i> ou </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_urbana" title="Arte urbana"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">arte urbana</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> - em que o artista aproveita os espaços públicos, criando uma linguagem intencional para interferir na cidade. Entretanto ainda há quem não concorde, equiparando o valor artístico do grafite ao da </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picha%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Pichação"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">pichação</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, que é bem mais controverso. </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafite_(arte)#cite_note-1"></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">. Sendo que a remoção do grafite é bem mais fácil do que o piche.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7hTww45gvHNkEZa32MNUsPX44gbKOLtbFT8rbDZ3xDp9kjIC9HZNPsDMyH7qi-WWn5zuloKi7JOwV3SiJ-inKLEOzqKocinigeJuKJNpA_loyYnEE7j0UQH5kJKKfpH1-bFaqk1yYlL4/s1600/1217278212502_f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7hTww45gvHNkEZa32MNUsPX44gbKOLtbFT8rbDZ3xDp9kjIC9HZNPsDMyH7qi-WWn5zuloKi7JOwV3SiJ-inKLEOzqKocinigeJuKJNpA_loyYnEE7j0UQH5kJKKfpH1-bFaqk1yYlL4/s400/1217278212502_f.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> Grafite<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-0k-arbGmWf-guhyphenhyphenUHHnI7xhBNnBnWZcL_GhRCYHCrgtvfTKjl1PjNimgc9S5MkoDI8TMBZ8vh7yEmsl8oY4Byd0SVOS5dc9dUjEYTgtCpg8lUerJM-j7POn-OESIXl_xZjJx8PMY3Fc/s1600/903635340_5157f2e5ee.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-0k-arbGmWf-guhyphenhyphenUHHnI7xhBNnBnWZcL_GhRCYHCrgtvfTKjl1PjNimgc9S5MkoDI8TMBZ8vh7yEmsl8oY4Byd0SVOS5dc9dUjEYTgtCpg8lUerJM-j7POn-OESIXl_xZjJx8PMY3Fc/s400/903635340_5157f2e5ee.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pichação</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Se analisarmos em termos mais genéricos ainda, até mesmo as pinturas rupestres, dos Homens das cavernas, podem ser consideradas uma forma Pré-Histórica do graffite. Milhares de anos depois destas civilizações, sem que acontece-se praticamente nada parecido com graffiti, no final da década de 60 e o início da década de 70 no nosso século, jovens do Bairro do Bronx restabeleceram esta forma de arte, mas desta vez não com carvão e sim com Spray, criando um novo diálogo de grafite, colorido e muito mais rico, tanto visualmente quanto no conteúdo de mensagens que eram passadas. Há duas teorias que explicam a origem dos graffiteiros modernos e uma complementa a outra: há quem diga que o graffite surgiu do Hip Hop (cultura de rua originária dos guetos Americanos, que une o Rap, o Break, e o Graffite). A outra afirma que o grafite tenha surgido em Nova York e de lá se espalhou pelo mundo.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic9At55r_x51e0fJl1VxUHgMLaZHcSvpNN1UkWJJihavUmJyAmYL6YIZVlUJTtrLGk_z06wz26h2HLGS6vjdCyhGe1LK760Z3hD14qsdZ-669daRisIQ94T40eds8KHp7tfQ4G2bw8pb0/s1600/z.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic9At55r_x51e0fJl1VxUHgMLaZHcSvpNN1UkWJJihavUmJyAmYL6YIZVlUJTtrLGk_z06wz26h2HLGS6vjdCyhGe1LK760Z3hD14qsdZ-669daRisIQ94T40eds8KHp7tfQ4G2bw8pb0/s400/z.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLTLmDuGDy9nYKVnMFNoRI-cbEP1iOovC8IYdNo2r5nye4Z5uVwiMp2fXWxIfVgkTSS84nQcMHUonaoFHzENNxVGjFWiwMiW4KXahwgqtPewnI94R4yeLCOONp3ao5tfbZaUbkEZYid9E/s1600/grafites%252520urbanos%252520%25289%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLTLmDuGDy9nYKVnMFNoRI-cbEP1iOovC8IYdNo2r5nye4Z5uVwiMp2fXWxIfVgkTSS84nQcMHUonaoFHzENNxVGjFWiwMiW4KXahwgqtPewnI94R4yeLCOONp3ao5tfbZaUbkEZYid9E/s400/grafites%252520urbanos%252520%25289%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></div></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Descrição<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Normalmente distingue-se o grafite, de elaboração mais complexa, da simples </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picha%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Pichação"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">pichação</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, quase sempre considerada como contravenção. No entanto, muitos grafiteiros respeitáveis, como </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgemeos" title="Osgemeos"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Os gemeos</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, autores de importantes trabalhos em várias paredes do mundo, aí incluída a grande fachada da </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Tate Modern</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> de </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Londres</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, admitem ter um passado de pichadores. Na </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_inglesa" title="Língua inglesa"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">língua inglesa</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, contudo, usa-se o termo <i>graffiti</i> para ambas as expressões.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> Desde o início os artistas eram chamados de Writerse (escritores), costumavam escrever os seus próprios nomes ou chamar a atenção para problemas do governo ou questões sociais da realidade<span style="color: white;">-</span>em<span style="color: white;">-</span>que<span style="color: white;">-</span>viviam.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tais desenhos eram feitos, na maioria em trens porque o verdadeiro interesse do graffiteiro era passar aquela mensagem para o maior número de pessoas. Outro modo de passar a sua mensagem era os muros das cidades.Ocorreu um avanço no mundo do graffiti, graffiteiros criaram os chamados “Togs” que são na verdade como uma marca registada, ou seja, as suas assinaturas. Alguns até criam figuras, personagens, usados nos seus grafites, as chamadas “bonecos”. Para finalizar, o graffiti surgiu nos EUA e hoje está nas maiores cidades do mundo.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV-_dxrw7bOp_Q_0ieANP1yeii48hmw5iVZcPhAUNVymwPnNeYQutEYdnrDeEHhu6jaVrHgSUbiQvUaugmCaiISSdUlF6TY16ugR1ZYgFG-WaoO_JqAkRlMzttRsQ3uz61SNNKe14m8Do/s1600/18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV-_dxrw7bOp_Q_0ieANP1yeii48hmw5iVZcPhAUNVymwPnNeYQutEYdnrDeEHhu6jaVrHgSUbiQvUaugmCaiISSdUlF6TY16ugR1ZYgFG-WaoO_JqAkRlMzttRsQ3uz61SNNKe14m8Do/s400/18.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcimoXrjEG_-6JKLpsGQDipihmU2qRlNfNDwLare7JZ2e8n7rA4X4fhftMGan3GgvHUIpMDUwCC6ucspFpMp2mYJfoUJPHxo-yZaWqhHP-m6fXhwjSaa8NYcM9t8aLN2XJFemwmYQt9zc/s1600/13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcimoXrjEG_-6JKLpsGQDipihmU2qRlNfNDwLare7JZ2e8n7rA4X4fhftMGan3GgvHUIpMDUwCC6ucspFpMp2mYJfoUJPHxo-yZaWqhHP-m6fXhwjSaa8NYcM9t8aLN2XJFemwmYQt9zc/s400/13.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><v:shape id="Imagem_x0020_16" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 123.75pt; visibility: visible; width: 175.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="grafites%20urbanos%20(39)" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS;"> <span lang="PT" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A partir do movimento </span></span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracultura" title="Contracultura"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">contracultural</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> de maio de </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968" title="1968"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">1968</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, quando os muros de </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Paris</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> foram suporte para inscrições de caráter poético-político, a prática do grafite generalizou-se pelo mundo, em diferentes contextos, tipos e estilos, que vão do simples rabisco ou de <i>tags</i> repetidas </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_nauseam" title="Ad nauseam"><i><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">ad nauseam</span></i></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, como uma espécie de demarcação de território, até grandes murais executados em espaços especialmente designados para tal, ganhando <i>status</i> de verdadeiras obras de arte. Os grafites podem também estar associados a diferentes movimentos e </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribo_urbana" title="Tribo urbana"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">tribos urbanas</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, como o </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">hip-hop</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, e a variados graus de </span><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgress%C3%A3o" title="Transgressão"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">transgressão</span></a><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWcBPBnRMukmnOd1REQAbavBmRGRXKiMXZ6OtiXn1Z9srl8c9vmv5U_F3sFzopiW9YgcIgdLB2db2lqtGvCHPy8-paYkb5xp7cst97-8XhzTf_17yLI7WbTyoaH9-7bYNEhNWauA0_cHM/s1600/406954.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWcBPBnRMukmnOd1REQAbavBmRGRXKiMXZ6OtiXn1Z9srl8c9vmv5U_F3sFzopiW9YgcIgdLB2db2lqtGvCHPy8-paYkb5xp7cst97-8XhzTf_17yLI7WbTyoaH9-7bYNEhNWauA0_cHM/s400/406954.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ZDx-7QEBcSwtPxPyOVmMyN6XY2LBjbtTejRDO2M_gM74qzYWyoSSkApN95-CTcAYN_-V-DfcT5Kgzct0BVA_9nBURop2IkmZSuBxQ__mHftFUqDkkISmFYeJLobWbWFqZzy1oNsVRXM/s1600/preview8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ZDx-7QEBcSwtPxPyOVmMyN6XY2LBjbtTejRDO2M_gM74qzYWyoSSkApN95-CTcAYN_-V-DfcT5Kgzct0BVA_9nBURop2IkmZSuBxQ__mHftFUqDkkISmFYeJLobWbWFqZzy1oNsVRXM/s400/preview8.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></div></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1a222a; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Modalidades </span></b><span style="color: #1a222a; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1a222a; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Grafite 3D</span></b><span style="color: #1a222a; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">: desenhos concebidos a partir de idéias visuais de profundidade, sem contornos. Exige domínio técnico do grafiteiro na combinação de cores e formas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<b>WildStyle</b>: tem o formato de letras distorcidas, em forma de setas, que quase cobrem o desenho.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjibaSVLUupJLm6N32Voj2xXAot32P-gccgY50N0TB8oEJW8-kDLJqC1kp0K1LB0h1ps0O-87k537YhXDCILetQ3VftxVV98pMxWavO-UbsE6Wsckt4Nk7M8xjzhoul7457J9JzIKdTdE4/s1600/graffiti+3d.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjibaSVLUupJLm6N32Voj2xXAot32P-gccgY50N0TB8oEJW8-kDLJqC1kp0K1LB0h1ps0O-87k537YhXDCILetQ3VftxVV98pMxWavO-UbsE6Wsckt4Nk7M8xjzhoul7457J9JzIKdTdE4/s400/graffiti+3d.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<b>Bomber</b>: são letras gordas e que parecem vivas, geralmente feitas com duas ou três cores.<br />
Letras grafitadas: incorporação das técnicas do grafite à pichação. As letras grafitadas represntam a assinatura do grupo.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<b>Grafite artístico ou livre figuração</b>: nesse estilo vale tudo: caricaturas, personagens de história em quadrinhos, figurações realistas e também elementos abstratos.<br />
Grafites com máscaras e spray: facilita a rápida execução e disseminação de uma marca individual ou de grupo.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1a222a; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br />
<b>Graffiti como projeto social</b> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1a222a; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Atualmente os artistas do grafite são convidados a participarem de projetos que visam embelezar as cidades. Com isso, espera-se que as pessoas interessadas nessa atividade possam continuar expressando sua arte, mas sem causar prejuízos ao planejamento urbano.<br />
Para citar alguns exemplos, a Universidade de São Paulo (USP) começou a organizar a primeira cooperativa brasileira de grafiteiros, muitos deles ex-pichadores. O objetivo é profissionalizar esses artistas. Todos serão orientados por professores de artes plásticas e designers para fazerem seus trabalhos em painéis e muros especialmente destinados para exibição de seus trabalhos.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O Rio de Janeiro também investe em projetos como este. A prefeitura da cidade já formou uma turma de grafiteiros, com direito a certificado e tudo. Entre os diplomados, estão moradores de áreas carentes como Manguinhos, Jacarezinho e Vigário Geral.<br />
O Departamento Nacional de Trânsito (Denatran) lançou em Brasília o Projeto Grafitran. O objetivo é incentivar grafiteiros de oito grandes cidades brasileiras a divulgar mensagens favoráveis à humanização do trânsito, através de painéis espalhados por locais públicos, próximos às rodovias e ruas movimentadas. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-size: large;">Termos e gírias<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O Graffiti possui uma terminologia própria e por ter nascido nas ruas da Filadélfia e de Nova Iorque, o vocabulário dos grafiteiros é recheado de termos em inglês.<br />
Para se aprofundar e entender um pouco mais obra e criador (graffiti e grafiteiro) se faz necessário conhecer alguns dos termos usados por eles.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>E que fique claro que é perfeitamente possível que esta lista não esteja completa, visto que – ainda – não somos profundos conhecedores do assunto.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">WRITER </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">- Grafiteiro, praticante da arte de graffiti, escritor urbano.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">BITER</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Aquele que copia o desenho ou até mesmo o estilo dos <strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">outros writers.</span></strong></span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">PIECE</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Graffiti feito por um writer, onde se usa mais de 3 cores.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">MURAL, PRODUÇÃO</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Feita por um writer ou uma crew. Envolve no mínimo 2 pieces e alguns bonecos.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">CREW</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Grupo de grafiteiros.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">TOY</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Expressão utilizada para indicar um principiante ou alguém que grafita apenas por moda.<b><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">FAME </span></strong></b>- Aquele que já tem o trabalho reconhecido pelos outros grafiteiros.<b><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">ALL CITY</span></strong></b> – é considerado aquele que escreve por toda cidade, ou pelo país. Pode se referir a um writer individualmente ou uma crew.<b><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">ROLL CALL</span></strong></b> – Assinar o nome de todo mundo do crew depois de ter feita um produção.<b><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">WILDSTYLE </span></strong></b>- Um estilo complicado, com letras entrelaçadas entre si. É considerado um dos estilos mais difíceis de fazer.<b><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">BACKGROUND </span></strong></b>- Fundo de um piece ou de uma produção.<b><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">FILL</span></strong></b> – Preencher, pintar o piece.<b><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">TAG</span></strong></b> – Assinatura do nome ou apelido do grafiteiro.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">TAGGING UP</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Tagear algum lugar difícil.<b><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">BOMB</span></strong></b> – Graffiti rápido ou ilegal, geralmente feito na noite.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">BOMBER </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">- quem faz o bomb.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">BOMBING</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Sair pra fazer graffiti ilegal.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">FREE STYLE </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">- trabalho livre, improvisado.<b><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">STICKERS</span></strong></b> – Adesivos que foram produzidos e taggiados antes.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">THROW-UP</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Vomito, estilo simples de letra, usado nos bombs. Geralmente feito em duas cores.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">GOING OVER</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Largar fora, fugir, correr da policia.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">BUBBLE LETTERS</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Tipo, estilo de letras em forma de bolha.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">BACK TO BACK</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Muro preenchido de ponta a ponta.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">WHOLE CAR</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Um lado do trem ou carro pintado completamente.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">INSIDES</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Tagear, bombardear os trens, ônibus etc. por dentro.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">WINDOW DOWN </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">- Piece feito pela janela de um trem ou ônibus.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">BUFF </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">- Termo usado quando se remove o piece ou bomb.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">BONECO</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – desenho que representa figura humana.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">PIECEBOOK</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – O livro com sketchs do writer.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">OUTLINE </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">- Desenho feito em piecebook, sketch.<b><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">CAP</span></strong></b> – Bico do spray do qual depende o traço… Pode ser fino (SKINNY) ou grosso (FAT).</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">FAT</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Linha grossa, feita com Fat Cap.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">MARKER</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";"> – Marcador, pincel atômico.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">HOMEMADE </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif";">- Caseiro, é relacionado aos marcadores ou vídeos.</span><br />
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</div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-65973178354559973812011-06-25T13:09:00.000-07:002011-06-25T13:09:30.283-07:00HISTÓRIA DA ARTE DA MESOPOTÃMIA<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> </v:f></v:formulas> </v:stroke></v:shapetype></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A Arte na Mesopotâmia</span></u></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teocrática e absolutista, a civilização mesopotâmica produziu manifestações artísticas subordinadas aos interesses do estado e da religião, o que não impediu a criação de formas expressivas de grande originalidade e valor estético. A arte mesopotâmica compreende as obras artísticas das diversas culturas que, na antiguidade, se desenvolveram na região situada entre os rios Tigre e Eufrates. Os primeiros vestígios de populações estáveis foram encontrados na região norte e datam de meados do sexto milênio antes da era cristã, na transição entre o neolítico e o calcolítico. Essas comunidades foram denominadas de acordo com a localização dos sítios arqueológicos: Hassuna, Hassuna-Samarra e Halaf. A cerâmica produzida por essas populações é decorada com desenhos geométricos adaptados à forma dos vasos com notável habilidade. No delta formado pelos dois rios, a fase pré-histórica mais antiga recebe o nome de Obeid I. Acredita-se que o povo sumério tenha surgido dos primitivos povoadores, mas a hipótese não foi comprovada. A presença dos sumérios só é corroborada com provas a partir de aproximadamente 3100 a.C., com a invenção da escrita. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghDW_y2ycLom332KCVvAuTnkfKB8aFu6mE2D8EajL-Ea2RSBKNUmPdmdaGDM1Fz92PhBweqTXaVNdBnDW2naJt4N9VCxjIaQGOZsg1fZafZjBr1JoAXlxBrMedsRCxXsT9JfQDJt8tCmk/s1600/Slide3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghDW_y2ycLom332KCVvAuTnkfKB8aFu6mE2D8EajL-Ea2RSBKNUmPdmdaGDM1Fz92PhBweqTXaVNdBnDW2naJt4N9VCxjIaQGOZsg1fZafZjBr1JoAXlxBrMedsRCxXsT9JfQDJt8tCmk/s400/Slide3.PNG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9uKJyd7uqdCKdnuoRyOq22jaSYlwgXDnHNbpMDiAFRPkKaUZ85858aymxxw1c-Ch8OhDdUsOdmZqTvVsoFfwPk1zs3sexHEkF15EJOiolF9SsySbrNZgLKSNAoZqDsJxJsajqBKYD-ho/s1600/Slide57.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9uKJyd7uqdCKdnuoRyOq22jaSYlwgXDnHNbpMDiAFRPkKaUZ85858aymxxw1c-Ch8OhDdUsOdmZqTvVsoFfwPk1zs3sexHEkF15EJOiolF9SsySbrNZgLKSNAoZqDsJxJsajqBKYD-ho/s400/Slide57.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 7.5pt 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 181.5pt; width: 177pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="1_mesopotamia" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 184.5pt; width: 194.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="Samarra_4900_antes_de_cristo" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span></div><o:p></o:p><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="display: none; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-hide: all; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Button_hide.png" id="Imagem_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 13.5pt; visibility: visible; width: 13.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="Button_hide" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> A <b>Mesopotâmia</b> — nome </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_grega_antiga" title="Língua grega antiga"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">grego</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> que significa "<b>entre rios</b>" (<b>meso</b> - <b>pótamos</b>) - é uma </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%A3o" title="Região"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">região</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> de interesse histórico e geográfico mundial. Trata-se de um </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planalto" title="Planalto"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">planalto</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> de origem </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulc%C3%A3o" title="Vulcão"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">vulcânica</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> localizado no </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriente_M%C3%A9dio" title="Oriente Médio"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Oriente Médio</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, delimitado entre os </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale" title="Vale"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">vales</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> dos rios </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tigre" title="Rio Tigre"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Tigre</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> e </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Eufrates" title="Rio Eufrates"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Eufrates</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, ocupado pelo atual território do </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraque" title="Iraque"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Iraque</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> e terras próximas. Os rios desembocam no </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_P%C3%A9rsico" title="Golfo Pérsico"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Golfo Pérsico</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> e a região toda é rodeada por </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserto" title="Deserto"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">desertos</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Inserida na área do </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescente_F%C3%A9rtil" title="Crescente Fértil"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Crescente Fértil</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> - de <i>Lua crescente</i>, exatamente por ela ter o formato de uma </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Lua</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> crescente e de ter um </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo" title="Solo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">solo</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> fértil -, uma região do Oriente Médio excelente para a </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">agricultura</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, exatamente num local onde a maior parte das terras vizinhas era muito árida para qualquer cultivo, a Mesopotâmia tem duas regiões geográficas distintas: ao </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte" title="Norte"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Norte</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> a </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Mesopot%C3%A2mia" title="Alta Mesopotâmia"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Alta Mesopotâmia</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> ou </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass%C3%ADria" title="Assíria"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Assíria</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, uma região bastante </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanha" title="Montanha"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">montanhosa</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, desértica, desolada, com escassas </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastagem" title="Pastagem"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">pastagens</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, e ao </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sul" title="Sul"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Sul</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> a </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixa_Mesopot%C3%A2mia" title="Baixa Mesopotâmia"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Baixa Mesopotâmia</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> ou </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cald%C3%A9ia" title="Caldéia"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Caldéia</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, muito fértil em função do regime dos rios, que nascem nas montanhas da </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%AAnia" title="Armênia"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Armênia</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> e desaguam separadamente no </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_P%C3%A9rsico" title="Golfo Pérsico"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Golfo Pérsico</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilYux_2mPEfZ14sjCpNw2Om4RySz8qVerbcWPqzT2dmZuW_tdKKAeuMyPvmO5VIwi7BsCcd9-gFZLs8gZx3oSSjpbKuBFaTjlN5hq0yqcqfrqjzak78dK2dhqT3bIsmGl1bbPg_KipxcQ/s1600/Slide2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilYux_2mPEfZ14sjCpNw2Om4RySz8qVerbcWPqzT2dmZuW_tdKKAeuMyPvmO5VIwi7BsCcd9-gFZLs8gZx3oSSjpbKuBFaTjlN5hq0yqcqfrqjzak78dK2dhqT3bIsmGl1bbPg_KipxcQ/s400/Slide2.PNG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
<span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 195pt; width: 300pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="Mapa_Mesopotamia_DestacaSumerios" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></div><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">História<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A Mesopotâmia é considerada um dos berços da civilização, já que foi na Baixa Mesopotâmia onde surgiram as primeiras civilizações por volta do VI milênio a.C. As primeiras cidades foram o resultado culminante de uma sedentarização da população e de uma revolução agrícola, que se originou durante a Revolução Neolítica. O homem deixava de ser um coletor que dependia da caça e dos recursos naturais oferecidos, uma nova forma de domínio do ambiente é uma das causas possíveis da eclosão urbana na Mesopotâmia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Povos<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A Mesopotâmia foi uma região por onde passavam muitos povos </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadismo" title="Nomadismo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">nômades</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> oriundos de diversas regiões. A terra fértil fez com que alguns desses povos aí se estabelecessem. Do convívio entre muitas dessas culturas floresceram as sociedades mesopotâmicas. Os povos que ocuparam a mesopotâmia foram os </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9rio" title="Sumério"><b><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">sumérios</span></b></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, os </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A1dia_(Mesopot%C3%A2mia)" title="Acádia (Mesopotâmia)"><b><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">acádios</span></b></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, os </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorita" title="Amorita"><b><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">amoritas</span></b></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> ou <b>antigos babilônios</b>, os </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass%C3%ADrio" title="Assírio"><b><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">assírios</span></b></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, os </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamita" title="Elamita"><b><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">elamitas</span></b></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> e os </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cald%C3%A9ia" title="Caldéia"><b><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">caldeus</span></b></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> ou <b>novos babilônios</b>. Como raramente esses Estados atingiam grandes dimensões territoriais, conclui-se que apesar da identificação econômica, social e cultural entre essas civilizações, nunca houve um Estado mesopotâmico.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Cultura<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Artes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">O </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grande_Zigurate_de_Ur&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Grande Zigurate de Ur (página não existe)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Grande Zigurate de Ur</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, um </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigurate" title="Zigurate"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">zigurate</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> de 4100 anos, perto de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nass%C3%ADria&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nassíria (página não existe)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Nassíria</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, no </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraque" title="Iraque"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Iraque</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura" title="Arquitetura"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arquitetura</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">. A mais desenvolvida das artes , porém não era tão notável quanto a egípcia. Caracterizou-se pelo exibicionismo e pelo luxo. Construíram templos e palácios, que eram considerados cópias dos existentes nos céus, de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijolo" title="Tijolo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">tijolos</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, por ser escassa a pedra na região;. O </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigurate" title="Zigurate"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">zigurate</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, torre piramidial, de base retangular, composto de vários pisos superpostos, formadas por sucessivos andares, cada um menor que o anterior. Construção característica das cidades-estados sumerianos. Nas construções, empregavam argilas, ladrilhos e tijolos. Provavelmente só os sacerdotes tinham acesso à torre, que tanto podia ser um santuário, como um local de observações astrônomicas. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">As muralhas construidas por Nabucodonosor eram tão largas, que sobre elas realizavam-se corridas de carros. Mais famosas foi as portas, cada uma dedicada a uma divindades e ornamentadas com grandes figuras em relevo. O caminho das procissões e a porta azul de Ishatar(deusa do amor e da fertilidade) eram decorados com figuras em cerâmicas esmaltada. A porta encontra-se no Museu de Berlim, mas suas cores desaparecem.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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<span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 169.5pt; width: 224.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="zig-ur" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 167.25pt; width: 189pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="zig-ur2" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></div><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Escultura</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> e a </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">pintura</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">. Tanto a escultura quanto a pintura eram fundamentalmente decorativas. A escultura era pobre, representada pelo </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixo_relevo" title="Baixo relevo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">baixo relevo</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">. Destacava-se a estatuária assíria, gigantesca e original. Os </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevo" title="Relevo"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">relevos</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> do palácio de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurbanipal" title="Assurbanipal"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Assurbanipal</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> são obras de artistas excepcionais. A pintura mural existia em função da arquitetura. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Um dos raros testemunhos da pintura mesopotâmica foi encontrados no Pálacio de Mari, descoberto entre 1933 e 1955. Embora as tintas utilizadas fossem extremamente vulneráveis ao tempo, nos poucos fragmentos que restaram é possível perceber o seu brilho e vivacidade. Seus artistas possuíam uma técnica talvez superior à que lhes era permitido demonstrar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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<span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 201pt; width: 210.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="sem títulof" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> "Leis da frontalidade"<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Como era preciso colocar figuras tridimensionais, em uma superficíe bidimensional, a imagem sofria um rígido processo de distorção: onde a cabeça, pernas e pés eram representados de perfil e o busto de frente.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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<span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034" style="height: 213pt; width: 174pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="escultura sumeria" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1035" style="height: 3in; width: 171pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="a-arte-no-egito-antigo-na-meso" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></div></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Música e dança<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica" title="Música"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">música</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> na Mesopotâmia, principalmente entre os babilônicos, estava ligada à </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o" title="Religião"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">religião</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Quando os fiéis estavam reunidos, cantavam hinos em louvor dos deuses, com acompanhamento de música. Esses hinos começavam muitas vezes, pelas expressões: " Glória, louvor tal deus; quero cantar os louvores de tal deus", seguindo a enumeração de suas qualidades, de socorro que dele pode esperar o fiel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Nas cerimônias de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penit%C3%AAncia" title="Penitência"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">penitência</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, os hinos eram de lamentação: "aí de nós", exclamavam eles, relembrando os sofrimentos de tal ou qual deus ou apiedando-se das desditas que desabam sobre a cidade. Instrumentos sem dúvida de sons surdos, acompanhavam essa recitação e no corpo desses salmos, vê-se o texto interromper-se e as onomatopéias "ua", "ui", "ua", sucederem-se em toda uma linha. A massa dos fiéis devia interromper a recitação e não retomá-la senão quando todos, em coro tivessem gemido bastante.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1_CDrbIs1_EXkZr4zS15Dm_HWxNEH28cQ1dveEz0GSt5i-QAcb65TWjge-SjLCMUzxyi-4BApB6ZNE003YgLKqp3vLgpspCrHp6nUY3_ATSNHZz-eJs09pJvLzdYRFKlGvRt9HIiI9eY/s1600/MESOPO%257E3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1_CDrbIs1_EXkZr4zS15Dm_HWxNEH28cQ1dveEz0GSt5i-QAcb65TWjge-SjLCMUzxyi-4BApB6ZNE003YgLKqp3vLgpspCrHp6nUY3_ATSNHZz-eJs09pJvLzdYRFKlGvRt9HIiI9eY/s400/MESOPO%257E3.JPG" width="392" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A procissão, finalmente, muitas vezes acompanhava as cerimônias religiosas e mesmo as cerimônias civis. Sobre um baixo-relevo assírio do </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">British Museum</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> que representa a tomada da cidade de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madaktu&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Madaktu (página não existe)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Madaktu</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> em Elam, a população sai da cidade e se apresenta diante do vencedor, precedida de música, enquanto as mulheres do cortejo batem palmas à oriental para compassar a marcha.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">O canto também tinha ligações com a </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magia" title="Magia"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">magia</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Há cantos a favor ou contra um nascimento feliz, cantos de amor, de ódio, de guerra, cantos de caça, de evocação dos mortos, cantos para favorecer, entre os viajantes, o estado de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transe" title="Transe"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">transe</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%C3%A7a" title="Dança"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">dança</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, que é o gesto, o ato reforçado, se apóia em magia sobre leis da semelhança. Ela é mímica, aplica-se a todas as coisas:- há danças para fazer chover, para </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">guerra</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a" title="Caça"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">caça</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor" title="Amor"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">amor</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> etc.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTTil53A5WEM3LTP6Bi39L_02NzAe0PALavS-GC0g8yKJdZzuF1ebypB1DFHWpZSFqdqL7CtgSHQ2_Dp3ebcYjiu5DUcZCqoTyqnU6f2IxpaOdmYRQfwthDf_MxZFhLuCzlakMp74qtFw/s1600/dancer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTTil53A5WEM3LTP6Bi39L_02NzAe0PALavS-GC0g8yKJdZzuF1ebypB1DFHWpZSFqdqL7CtgSHQ2_Dp3ebcYjiu5DUcZCqoTyqnU6f2IxpaOdmYRQfwthDf_MxZFhLuCzlakMp74qtFw/s400/dancer.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Danças rituais têm sido representadas em monumentos da </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sia" title="Ásia"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Ásia</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> Ocidental, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9ria" title="Suméria"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Suméria</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">. Em </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thecheme-Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Thecheme-Ali (página não existe)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Thecheme-Ali</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, perto de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teer%C3%A3" title="Teerã"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Teerã</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">; em </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tepe-Sialk&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tepe-Sialk (página não existe)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Tepe-Sialk</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, perto de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Kashan</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">; em </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tepe-Mussian&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tepe-Mussian (página não existe)"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Tepe-Mussian</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, região de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Susa</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">, cacos arcaicos reproduzem filas de mulheres nuas, dando-se as mãos, cabelos ao vento, executando uma dança. Em cilindros-sinetes vêem-se danças no curso dos festins sagrados (tumbas reais de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur" title="Ur"><span lang="PT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Ur</span></a></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFrOig0YVjvBgAKr5YRLoO2FnkBhc7gxHOubnRXmf2mMK3lJjwE0MB9wadNsh9IvxrBrKi0cvxeDBc5jBFtdH6PzEFYu6kNHsN_xhdHyBkpUP0VU7ilpRhVC_FEWSgp0Os3YlQYI2D0qo/s1600/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Nacht_004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFrOig0YVjvBgAKr5YRLoO2FnkBhc7gxHOubnRXmf2mMK3lJjwE0MB9wadNsh9IvxrBrKi0cvxeDBc5jBFtdH6PzEFYu6kNHsN_xhdHyBkpUP0VU7ilpRhVC_FEWSgp0Os3YlQYI2D0qo/s400/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Nacht_004.jpg" width="368" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-71236594685444145042011-06-23T11:11:00.000-07:002011-06-23T11:12:42.405-07:00HISTÓRIA DO ABSTRACIONISMO<h3 style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://julirossi.blogspot.com/2009/08/abstracionismo.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">ABSTRACIONISMO</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A arte abstrata ou abstracionismo é geralmente entendido como uma forma de arte (especialmente nas artes visuais) que não representa objetos próprios da nossa realidade concreta exterior. Ao invés disso, usa as relações formais entre cores , linhas e superfícies para compor a realidade da obra, de uma maneira “não representacional”. Surge a partir das experiências das vanguardas européias, que recusam a herança renascentista das academias de arte. a expressão também pode ser usada para sem referir especificamente à arte produzida no início do século XX por determinados movimentos e escolas que genericamente encaixam-se na arte moderna.<o:p></o:p></span></h3><br />
<h3 style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 1em 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No início do século XX, antes que os artistas atingissem a abstração absoluta, o termo também foi usado para se referir a escolas como o cubismo e o futurismo que, ainda que fossem representativas e figurativas, buscavam sintetizar os elementos da realidade natural, resultando em obras que fugiam à simples imitação daquilo que era “concreto”.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> <br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A arte abstrata tende a suprimir toda a relação entre a realidade e o quadro, entre as linhas e os planos, as cores e a significação que esses elementos podem sugerir ao espírito. <o:p></o:p></span></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfUwp7wrqLbhw0ObeYI1B0ApdnkDfTiPLKld26AG6c2cMrIhIelB3o1JK2qs1XHh6NkQ3BPAj4zQlQpZ5SCaYt_kz-Re64NgKVopkjwNYkDsn2dUk9GJp-mM6NkTPlUMIAza68EAj8-oA/s1600/12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfUwp7wrqLbhw0ObeYI1B0ApdnkDfTiPLKld26AG6c2cMrIhIelB3o1JK2qs1XHh6NkQ3BPAj4zQlQpZ5SCaYt_kz-Re64NgKVopkjwNYkDsn2dUk9GJp-mM6NkTPlUMIAza68EAj8-oA/s320/12.jpg" width="320" /></a> </div><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span>Kandinsky<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quando a significação de um quadro depende essencialmente da cor e da forma, <b>quando o pintor rompe os últimos laços que ligam a sua obra à realidade visível, ela passa a ser</b> <b>abstrata</b>. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpn4r0kNiya_5IoMw2hOibznKc6E3Xj9YcIYSnIeVCtl79HEOV5ePAS8o8OukbO4WGZA9d2QtgwvCfXQ60QrU7ltcNfXu14vfZo2_Lc9P3RHTtrrRzYu7uTMJb-LgEGcESLGcxRrIxtoE/s1600/101.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpn4r0kNiya_5IoMw2hOibznKc6E3Xj9YcIYSnIeVCtl79HEOV5ePAS8o8OukbO4WGZA9d2QtgwvCfXQ60QrU7ltcNfXu14vfZo2_Lc9P3RHTtrrRzYu7uTMJb-LgEGcESLGcxRrIxtoE/s320/101.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Kandinsky<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O Abstracionismo apresenta várias fases, desde a mais sensível até a intelectualidade<span style="color: white;">-</span>máxima. <br />
<b><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abstracionismo Sensível ou Informal</i></b>, predominam os sentimentos e emoções. As cores e as formas são criadas livremente. Uma arte abstrata, que coloca na cor e forma a sua expressividade maior. </span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPV1drAx1jZrgFFTWkgMOxM64JHbnDIJE4wIe7GyTTkDUm19jbu5KtLKJKDUsdVamdVOpFD4nbeDfDkPxxJIL2mnhrZXecG2NUgVaHNkiy_AnPEdGQMnI7A5le5DoumlkJac0zxjyr_Gw/s320/36.jpg" width="320" /> </div><div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Kandinsky<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Com a forma, a cor e a linha, o artista é livre para expressar seus sentimentos interiores, sem relacioná-los a lembrança do mundo exterior. Estes elementos da composição devem ter uma unidade e harmonia, tal qual uma obra musical.</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">WASSILY KANDINSKY</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> (1866-1944), pintor russo, antes do abstracionismo participou de vários movimentos artísticos como impressionismo; também atravessou uma curta fase fauve e expressionista. Escreveu livros. Dezenas de suas obras foram confiscadas pelos nazistas e várias delas expostas na mostra de "Arte Degenerada".</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNsuy3M01CJahlZ6L9CmksLJglj6mNeEpSV39zzKiDFWHWRaxT34RTN72rqdn0rL7t6TYEWQ8ixi-VKPNHI0yFXQaEdgVFt08486SDJF-2-0617QmT5mPvWRry7saWau_a2_88ffDlFiQ/s1600/112.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNsuy3M01CJahlZ6L9CmksLJglj6mNeEpSV39zzKiDFWHWRaxT34RTN72rqdn0rL7t6TYEWQ8ixi-VKPNHI0yFXQaEdgVFt08486SDJF-2-0617QmT5mPvWRry7saWau_a2_88ffDlFiQ/s320/112.jpg" width="306" /></a></div><div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Kandinsky <br />
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<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Abstracionismo Geométrico</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, as formas e as cores devem ser organizadas de tal maneira que a composição resultante seja apenas a expressão de uma concepção geométrica.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Neoplasticismo</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, seu criador e principal teórico foi Piet Mondrian. Onde as cores e as formas são organizadas de maneira que a composição <b>resulte apenas na expressão de uma concepção geométrica.</b> Resulta às linhas verticais e horizontais e às cores puras (vermelho, azul e amarelo). O ângulo reto é o símbolo do movimento, sendo rigorosamente aplicado à arquitetura.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">PIET MONDRIAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> (1872-1944), pintor holandês. Depois de haver participado da arte cubista, continua simplificando suas formas até conseguir um resultado, baseado nas proporções matemáticas ideais, entre as relações formais de um espaço estudado.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjLWg-4u_S3mpWHtpbhjvMV2NEP04U0ThlC47qCixqTBgYyUhrz3md_8RdIeHdNUHEeamHKhFB04erh8qdDViGgom0ol1XI70szoKe6bZ4hiUlm362hEYs5v__JCCmzbpUp42zEwzQbls/s1600/m0263_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjLWg-4u_S3mpWHtpbhjvMV2NEP04U0ThlC47qCixqTBgYyUhrz3md_8RdIeHdNUHEeamHKhFB04erh8qdDViGgom0ol1XI70szoKe6bZ4hiUlm362hEYs5v__JCCmzbpUp42zEwzQbls/s400/m0263_b.jpg" width="260" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Mondrian <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O artista utiliza, como elemento de base, uma superfície plana, retangular e as três cores primárias com um pouco de preto e branco. <b>Essas superfícies coloridas são distribuídas e justapostas buscando uma arte pura. </b></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjca167Jv5Bu201OmrVH44862Jn-8lQtIg4pKxn3wlK-lyIEi-vYq4zt4FX3nRiixlyjJtW6aS7lwSxaEMFVAZnDt8hVqlYgdEEnn2flI5ZCwyzwtOUEms0xPvwBsM-Bahyphenhyphen76-_026jIaw/s1600/pf_2540887_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjca167Jv5Bu201OmrVH44862Jn-8lQtIg4pKxn3wlK-lyIEi-vYq4zt4FX3nRiixlyjJtW6aS7lwSxaEMFVAZnDt8hVqlYgdEEnn2flI5ZCwyzwtOUEms0xPvwBsM-Bahyphenhyphen76-_026jIaw/s400/pf_2540887_b.jpg" width="327" /></a></div><div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Mondrian<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Segundo Mondrian, cada coisa, seja uma casa, seja uma árvore ou uma paisagem, possui uma <b>essência que está por tráz de sua aparência</b>. E as coisas, em sua essência, estão em harmonia no universo. O papel do artista, para ele, seria revelar essa essência oculta e essa harmonia universal.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ele procura, pesquisa e consegue um equilíbrio perfeito da composição, <b>despojado de todo excesso da cor, da linha ou da forma. </b></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; mso-line-height-alt: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 20pt;">Abstracionismo no Brasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No Brasil, o abstracionismo teve suas primeiras expressões na décadas de 40. Entre os artistas mais importantes destacam-se Abraham Palatnik, Ivan Serpa, Loio-Pérsio, Luis Sacilotto, Antônio Bandeira, Regia Marinho e Manabu Mabe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-82932468799817276262011-06-23T10:53:00.000-07:002011-06-23T11:00:05.339-07:00A ARTE DA CERÂMICA<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> </v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> A arte da cerâmica manifesta-se na cultura dos povos desde a mais remota Antigüidade. O estudo das técnicas de fabricação e decoração dos objetos de cerâmica é tido como o "alfabeto" de arqueólogos e historiadores, pois fornece base segura para a reconstrução de muitos aspectos da vida de antigas civilizações. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlUc7fMcSav3AgOPjEasOx0IEUUZHnCtKhDr52E7w668EYcULz8QqwSWk_rLM9ECV8t25kzHrGm3Seh0iJFPxABU9PxAGbJfHG8ZDP4jAzP4T_inECfM-Y6F8BN9vqD_macs5giRfEopk/s1600/ceramista.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlUc7fMcSav3AgOPjEasOx0IEUUZHnCtKhDr52E7w668EYcULz8QqwSWk_rLM9ECV8t25kzHrGm3Seh0iJFPxABU9PxAGbJfHG8ZDP4jAzP4T_inECfM-Y6F8BN9vqD_macs5giRfEopk/s400/ceramista.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikMGt4AwpD3GfhKXdLQK9Th9KA5282ofDMc2aFLVtElTHMahFIp-5wc2fE72bZGaPhSVaoi6svq8nmWRmCCj4PpIcYUq3huHaMrfqhOQUp3nLjvAprhrUrj5Q4wUOM8lPSAqcu7SYh1wg/s1600/RIO_RE%257E1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikMGt4AwpD3GfhKXdLQK9Th9KA5282ofDMc2aFLVtElTHMahFIp-5wc2fE72bZGaPhSVaoi6svq8nmWRmCCj4PpIcYUq3huHaMrfqhOQUp3nLjvAprhrUrj5Q4wUOM8lPSAqcu7SYh1wg/s400/RIO_RE%257E1.PNG" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Como nasceu a cerâmica/ possivelmente as primeiras que povoaram nosso planeta, há milhares de anos, se deram conta de que seus pés deixavam marcas no barro, e que estas ao secar, conservavam sua forma. A argila úmida é macia e maleável. Talvez tenham imaginado que esse material fosse apropriado para fazer objetos. Mas, quando ele seca, fica frágil: quebra e se desgasta com facilidade. Além disso, não comporta líquidos, porque a água desfaz a argila seca. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhixKWRgt3rcE_dTbGom3lOoE03e7I170uEQrm-rEO7PymY8lxNiii8cShkHV0G-8kA0UWnz6sU37nfLUvOgfsw4eF30oCz9yfTf0L2h_MS0cWJCFL-NhIzv6y3vyQZ1AQIlz2ixxvpvj0/s1600/erectus1%255B1%255D.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhixKWRgt3rcE_dTbGom3lOoE03e7I170uEQrm-rEO7PymY8lxNiii8cShkHV0G-8kA0UWnz6sU37nfLUvOgfsw4eF30oCz9yfTf0L2h_MS0cWJCFL-NhIzv6y3vyQZ1AQIlz2ixxvpvj0/s400/erectus1%255B1%255D.png" width="398" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyYTCnNGoCKe3rbDLKZt3Jssi4BFFYdFTSeM0zmKTB5LjQTk4eKv-FaplHhQ_nFSZ2INSuFdNAYEIrTMNflXGFXzzIiJ8XW3IXzq9X0D3Rz7JVxSXCVCO9gCB5yqcW3vpKALJ2xWS6feg/s1600/Slide2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyYTCnNGoCKe3rbDLKZt3Jssi4BFFYdFTSeM0zmKTB5LjQTk4eKv-FaplHhQ_nFSZ2INSuFdNAYEIrTMNflXGFXzzIiJ8XW3IXzq9X0D3Rz7JVxSXCVCO9gCB5yqcW3vpKALJ2xWS6feg/s400/Slide2.JPG" width="297" /></a></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Imagem_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1043" style="height: 172.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 117.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="Slide2" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span></i></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><v:shape alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh5ffTYJHr9MDmyctbB-4w3KpPScUa5mCYxYaIX-a_OY7KWOIm4PN9B8bTofD9a08cAHp1e-djpF8L_OvDj6hePQrNT_C6zn13ik50_hWnWRvpC8tXzYIr2suNxbfgXc2AzxvBjtFihLQ/s320/erectus1%5B1%5D.gif" id="_x0000_i1042" style="height: 168.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 168pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="erectus1%5B1%5D" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Para o surgimento da cerâmica e da olaria foi necessária uma nova descoberta: a argila endurece no fogo. É preciso conseguir uma temperatura elevada (cerca de 850ºC ), mas, em compensação, os objetos de argila se tornam resistentes e podem servir para cozinhar e para colocar líquidos.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Muitos objetos de uso comum, como vasilhas, pratos, xícaras e vasos, são feitos por oleiros (oleiro é a pessoa que faz objetos e peças de cerâmica) e ceramistas. O principal material que utilizam é o barro ou argila. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncrfi1auGWr2suZNf73EL-hWyf7k1i4pFD-x12Mb9cNQ2rDevpCLdcd40Xwozag3U1IqxMkPDiD5q76aop86REApJEI_lGjpLgVa5S8ZzmQZiPSoK2mWCkn-ge6_yA5r5izXiqQV8ztU/s1600/2820365.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncrfi1auGWr2suZNf73EL-hWyf7k1i4pFD-x12Mb9cNQ2rDevpCLdcd40Xwozag3U1IqxMkPDiD5q76aop86REApJEI_lGjpLgVa5S8ZzmQZiPSoK2mWCkn-ge6_yA5r5izXiqQV8ztU/s400/2820365.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-kK3_KcWsaQR212YaDKnsmfD2yPaEFwZhlmuUuS2R3-AucS03M07_nrL67PRhtmk7Y0YF6EBPJtShBOWwORWV5u4BnGNXzty4PIuMe61muekn6agW4yJNcq5ovIn4sn8q5xAnyYMjpY8/s1600/printedpot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-kK3_KcWsaQR212YaDKnsmfD2yPaEFwZhlmuUuS2R3-AucS03M07_nrL67PRhtmk7Y0YF6EBPJtShBOWwORWV5u4BnGNXzty4PIuMe61muekn6agW4yJNcq5ovIn4sn8q5xAnyYMjpY8/s400/printedpot.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-size: large;">A arte do barro<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">A cerâmica, ou<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a arte do barro, é uma manifestação artística que os seres humanos dos pontos mais distantes da Terra aprenderam a dominar há milhares de anos. A arte da cerâmica foi descoberta há 10.000 anos na Ásia Central e na Europa e há 6.000 anos na América do Sul.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">As pessoas fizeram objetos e figuras em cerâmica desde os tempos mais antigos. Muitos dos objetos que se modelam têm uma finalidade prática, uma utilidade: servem para guardar sementes e grãos, para transportar água, para cozinhar os alimentos no fogo e para muitas outras tarefas da vida cotidiana.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJdWSjsFRSuNmnfd82pY3AOtWOR4sHRG-RGZsSeD7xv1-NKI00sILueiGdfAcPzL6VO0NhrcPg-B5QNkkfuZqQ-HhtP8mpOzvRauC1vguWvwopqlTeliHk_NbOyVd5kEa9TrAOWps4pmQ/s1600/ceramica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJdWSjsFRSuNmnfd82pY3AOtWOR4sHRG-RGZsSeD7xv1-NKI00sILueiGdfAcPzL6VO0NhrcPg-B5QNkkfuZqQ-HhtP8mpOzvRauC1vguWvwopqlTeliHk_NbOyVd5kEa9TrAOWps4pmQ/s400/ceramica.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPzBSIB4n2LQDAWqP7wNG_qR2mSZVxmwksADjK0TEV1gy6z_LQIKWQr5gvxMpPGDYe54pIsv96IAGDExTQcdkHGVqSWliRjgxO9xFf1TYxm98ymYHJfKQ8Qq5ltUkCBbI11xGeEmhQhdo/s1600/w.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPzBSIB4n2LQDAWqP7wNG_qR2mSZVxmwksADjK0TEV1gy6z_LQIKWQr5gvxMpPGDYe54pIsv96IAGDExTQcdkHGVqSWliRjgxO9xFf1TYxm98ymYHJfKQ8Qq5ltUkCBbI11xGeEmhQhdo/s400/w.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Mas a capacidade de transformar o barro com as mãos foi também empregada para expressar os gostos e as crenças dos povos nos quais pertenciam os artistas ceramistas. Os ceramistas modelaram figuras que representavam seus deuses, seus semelhantes ou cenas da vida cotidiana.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Por meio das diferentes formas e decorações dos objetos de cerâmica, os vários povos deixaram marcas próprias, que serviam para se reconhecerem entre si e para serem reconhecidos pelos outros.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW2FU_oarcs21oz11jfRJFPRrsooA-wQ8aTiAQ9NZ2tsKcpqSYajWzPVVtgVUChlyvvI-NAi-g0RXEQWVGl9F7J29dwubkN7FeBw8g6Dk_1dP-H7AxQ6OdgNFNJEAoI16sf7BabZP0qzE/s1600/dogujedi01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW2FU_oarcs21oz11jfRJFPRrsooA-wQ8aTiAQ9NZ2tsKcpqSYajWzPVVtgVUChlyvvI-NAi-g0RXEQWVGl9F7J29dwubkN7FeBw8g6Dk_1dP-H7AxQ6OdgNFNJEAoI16sf7BabZP0qzE/s400/dogujedi01.jpg" width="302" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj81P8yZNmvHa8tg1r1FLIx8q5zDF5iBTHBsGunijYsRiJd9vm1HOJ0OdFwUyBoieJW6_P2Jmj9vTUE5lzhpPqKhp4uKWan9vo956M8tP4hvTLVaRu3NKhqVrKSNslhDmzciEeqfqnPwS4/s1600/deusesmaia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="389" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj81P8yZNmvHa8tg1r1FLIx8q5zDF5iBTHBsGunijYsRiJd9vm1HOJ0OdFwUyBoieJW6_P2Jmj9vTUE5lzhpPqKhp4uKWan9vo956M8tP4hvTLVaRu3NKhqVrKSNslhDmzciEeqfqnPwS4/s400/deusesmaia.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Deuses Maia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-size: large;">A cerâmica dos índios brasileiros<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></i></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Muito antes da chegada dos portugueses, os diferentes povos que viveram no Brasil elaboraram peças de cerâmica de diversos estilos. Há mais de 1.500 anos, os povos que habitavam a ilha de Marajó trabalhavam a cerâmica; eram pintadas em preto, branco e vermelho e decoradas com desenhos geométricos. Hoje esse tipo de cerâmica, chamado marajoara, está muito difundido no Brasil e é fabricado em oficinas de artesanato da região amazonense.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6GdjEdSiNgK06i5hIfLVEu7DjFTwRWtJO8TtO0Fr7Fhw25p4Q_ryQ_67-gGMvp5-ioTJzlkihkYno3q2553uNNH4oem5Is5wIeUibB07KoRhyU0rXLtu3j_eZjliaxnJns8hSVGfeakA/s1600/ceramica_marajoara_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6GdjEdSiNgK06i5hIfLVEu7DjFTwRWtJO8TtO0Fr7Fhw25p4Q_ryQ_67-gGMvp5-ioTJzlkihkYno3q2553uNNH4oem5Is5wIeUibB07KoRhyU0rXLtu3j_eZjliaxnJns8hSVGfeakA/s400/ceramica_marajoara_2.jpg" width="369" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJDvh8Me8WBDjYnlBLopMq47yFrioQNGEWLaHiVJV6M7zlG07ajMEklWQXVlDUSF_zkQUDBREt8pQ_Aa-gkkfgbEeLanbcYWZgApG7WWK16xh8tJS-2nFCmXoJ3XoiYVLxJJVDEfDbvoM/s1600/CERMIC%257E2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJDvh8Me8WBDjYnlBLopMq47yFrioQNGEWLaHiVJV6M7zlG07ajMEklWQXVlDUSF_zkQUDBREt8pQ_Aa-gkkfgbEeLanbcYWZgApG7WWK16xh8tJS-2nFCmXoJ3XoiYVLxJJVDEfDbvoM/s400/CERMIC%257E2.JPG" width="285" /></a></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">São muitos os artesãos brasileiros que mantêm a tradição da cerâmica. No Nordeste, é famosa a produção de Mestre Vitalino: ele e seus seguidores representam, com figuras de argila, cenas e costumes do povo. Também no interior do estado de São Paulo, no vale do Paraíba, elaboram-se cerâmicas muito bonitas pintadas em branco e vermelho; em Minas Gerais, no vale do Jequitinhonha, faz-se uma cerâmica com argila clara.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGTecV52JrUPGOM-i5jM4O0SFqowR-Zgbl7cTZ3qigtivoSjUgMzQoxDFArRmScSHyJAIfHMV8OyuGZEUJZMFQiRJOqtxs0ol0B87HO6RFNj7T9vi_SqNSUa8ORA_G5JZXs8uT5wtqrCY/s400/vitalino4.jpg" width="337" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Noiva na garupa</span></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWJxC8RKLdnDcdDS1geD02tN67xEbxYtM6XujvtL7x54cVWMm3IZ2Qj9xPhu-nFbaMlAclKDu7GNejiO7mEJSgUhk9rnx6GeZWmMGi91kl_RdTGDAIWk_YvSRANA-4OPMXJrYOTj7l1PQ/s1600/mestre+vitalino+figuras+de+barro.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWJxC8RKLdnDcdDS1geD02tN67xEbxYtM6XujvtL7x54cVWMm3IZ2Qj9xPhu-nFbaMlAclKDu7GNejiO7mEJSgUhk9rnx6GeZWmMGi91kl_RdTGDAIWk_YvSRANA-4OPMXJrYOTj7l1PQ/s320/mestre+vitalino+figuras+de+barro.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> <span style="font-size: large;"> Os Retirantes</span></span></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="font-size: large;">De onde vem a argila<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></i></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Em muitas zonas da Terra, o solo contém argila, além de outros componentes, como areia, pedras e húmus. Os oleiros ceramistas costumam recorrer a canteiras ( é o local de onde se extraem materiais como pedra, areia e argila.) de argila, que são os lugares onde se pode encontrá-la mais limpa e sem mistura.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A argila pode ser de várias cores: branca, cinza, ocre, vermelha, preta, etc. poucos ceramistas a utilizam pura, porque ela encolhe muito ao secar e se quebra. Por isso, preparam uma pasta cerâmica ( é a mistura de argila pura com outras substância que facilitam a modelagem; torna mais resistente o material ou lhe dá uma textura mais ou menos áspera.) mistura de argila com desengordurante (é o material que serve para tornar a argila pura menos pegajosa quando úmida e menos quebradiça quando seca.) como areia ou chamota (é uma porção de argila já cozida e triturada. Pode ser fina como a areia ou grossa como o cascalho. Quando misturada, serve para dar mais solidez à argila pura.), que favorece a secagem e o cozimento. A pasta cerâmica também é importante por que influi na textura da peça produzida.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvhKDtrGqQaUd9wN1WI55YBEktNpMyVylvFcmGFQymb4zPhaUU0ZDcb_4mZuv5qBnPvTApC-4d9kxzTSl7xhHFice2STopG6WdgygMq4BtPykuP4yu76H9khLnFrW8bt5Mob0KZAzuSQg/s1600/NDIA-G%257E1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvhKDtrGqQaUd9wN1WI55YBEktNpMyVylvFcmGFQymb4zPhaUU0ZDcb_4mZuv5qBnPvTApC-4d9kxzTSl7xhHFice2STopG6WdgygMq4BtPykuP4yu76H9khLnFrW8bt5Mob0KZAzuSQg/s400/NDIA-G%257E1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXELWEZxRmeG1mjbj5qkMlXhWY27S3h6msxv11NEZ83Ydg5tfx_JmrWF8Wom-5tMANSbepldGUfruqECweYOOGbZV-lShhyphenhyphenFB-Nc28yFCTkSm0Ee_cslQ4lh2GrAokTG_sU73gKUAAPyI/s400/imagesCAF2Y2GK.jpg" width="400" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Canteira e a preparação da argila</span></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Para que os objetos modelados endureçam. É necessário o cozimento. As primeiras vasilhas feitas pelos seres humanos eram cozidas em fogueiras ou em buracos cavados no solo, nos quais se queimavam troncos e galhos, mas a forma de cozer a cerâmica evoluiu e hoje se utilizam fornos elétricos e a gás. Nas aldeias indígenas ainda se queima a cerâmica com troncos e galhos, e em pequenas oficinas artesanais.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Longe das cidades, ainda se utilizam fornos a lenha, cuja estrutura se assemelha aos da Antiguidade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinB4LSnGPk8hMFBravQgyzQKtDSi2uPGf22vn2Xc3aI_ehUjWwEIPbbWn9E6ODIhO-IpkdBG7KMsBTsh9aryEfGr4Kj7IfiBUh3FKBAnSaMrflrhDZ_CTeJ5PL5u3O7QvQdr0QCBpOV18/s320/1d737e2ec111_ceara_cascavel_arrumando_o_forno_para_a_queima_de_potes_de_barro.jpg" width="320" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Forno<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">A modelagem da cerâmica<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Quando os ceramistas modelam a argila para fazer suas vasilhas ou objetos, geralmente não procedem como escultores. A principal diferença é que para o ceramista a argila é a própria obra, enquanto para o escultor ela pode servir apenas para dar formas; ao final do processo, a escultura poderá ser feita de outro material, como bronze, cimento, gesso, etc.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrPFpxU1I2HtQnCIoJ9PBTet-opFnSm9klCzwDfVoXT4_UvPgRE2V54GgCF1X2levVTpyVkiD1KUUlXPFps3Nq6FxdcV7VIgfWq7LCddIvMcFs4JNb-YTO6JrrkQ_PTd07P-9asNjkqSE/s1600/3038974783_3410d3117e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrPFpxU1I2HtQnCIoJ9PBTet-opFnSm9klCzwDfVoXT4_UvPgRE2V54GgCF1X2levVTpyVkiD1KUUlXPFps3Nq6FxdcV7VIgfWq7LCddIvMcFs4JNb-YTO6JrrkQ_PTd07P-9asNjkqSE/s400/3038974783_3410d3117e.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpm3NlmUCEkhA3LGsMccvv2L_Lury6Zcyno1kCVk3xQEBuP9Pf3XDPZrHP5fNmZeYwHYdrICRyJ7g_NZd5gCcKry1yEWifuvcFGOYHInp7WHL0KcSUb2hftxz2veoSYpr49RPSiYM1kI/s1600/2347852933_10cffeb043.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpm3NlmUCEkhA3LGsMccvv2L_Lury6Zcyno1kCVk3xQEBuP9Pf3XDPZrHP5fNmZeYwHYdrICRyJ7g_NZd5gCcKry1yEWifuvcFGOYHInp7WHL0KcSUb2hftxz2veoSYpr49RPSiYM1kI/s400/2347852933_10cffeb043.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modelando a argila <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">O ceramista deve pensar na forma que vai dar à sua obra e também em como fazer para que ela suporte o cozimento no forno.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A modelagem da cerâmica deve ter certas características; quando falta alguma delas, corre-se o risco de que a peça se quebre ao cozer:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A argila ou pasta cerâmica não pode estar manchada.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Para que a peça possa cozer, deve ser oca, pois sendo maciça é muito difícil que o cozimento sela homogêneo.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A superfície da argila não pode conter bolhas de ar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A obra deve estar totalmente seca ao ser introduzida no forno.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-33808421096759989102011-06-23T08:15:00.000-07:002011-06-23T08:28:01.142-07:00HISTÓRIA DA ARTE ROMANA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span></span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arte Romana</span></u></i></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Entre as civilizações do mundo antigo, a dos romanos é, sem dúvida, aquela a que mais temos acesso, uma vez que eles nos deixaram um vasto legado literário, que nos permite traçar sua história com uma riqueza de detalhes que nunca nos cansamos de admirar. Paradoxalmente, no entanto, poucas questões são mais difíceis de responder do que a que fazemos a seguir: "O que é a arte romana?" O gênio romano, tão facilmente identificável em qualquer outra esfera de atividade humana, torna-se estranhamente enganoso quando perguntarmos se existiu um estilo romano nas artes. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt54k8HykjRMjA94Z5V0rb_n8YTDR4GWcA4DFNoUJxPElngjg4gFGHwwHnSgmOcQmbjI44OBbJMyacEkCqdWQj123LSMOJTOp1GHv0_v8PVTlW2kHxWP6ceLCmR0oyjEsNXI7U8MAlshY/s1600/mascara_gladiados_romano.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt54k8HykjRMjA94Z5V0rb_n8YTDR4GWcA4DFNoUJxPElngjg4gFGHwwHnSgmOcQmbjI44OBbJMyacEkCqdWQj123LSMOJTOp1GHv0_v8PVTlW2kHxWP6ceLCmR0oyjEsNXI7U8MAlshY/s320/mascara_gladiados_romano.gif" width="243" /></a></div></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Máscara de um gladiador - perceba os traços<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>indianos, fruto de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>influências culturais advindos dos povos conquistados</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Por que isso acontece? </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A razão mais óbvia é a grande admiração que os romanos tinham pela arte grega de todos os tipos e períodos. Não só importavam milhares de originais de épocas anteriores e deles faziam um número ainda maior de cópias, como também as suas próprias criações eram claramente baseadas em fontes gregas, sendo que muitos de seus artistas eram de origem grega. Mas, além da temática diferente, o fato é que, como um todo, a arte criada sob o patrocínio romano parece nitidamente diferente da arte grega e apresenta qualidades positivas não gregas que expressarn diferente intenções. Assim, não devemos insistir em avaliar a arte romana segundo os padrões da arte grega, perto da qual poderia parecer, superficialmente,</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">uma</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">fase</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">final</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">e</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">decadente.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNRPoropfN0kaKjDhqpfFmpexb7ThdDUyAd7C0LKOVXAxrTWrEaCua6b7ph5hQK9S-5VNFeAKajDvJgIf69Nr8sLLHf29j0a70NXlrLeARr0zgf1B617JGgXQa41dKZiyOjdmCD-i9CSM/s1600/394px-Zeus_Otricoli_Pio-Clementino_Inv257.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNRPoropfN0kaKjDhqpfFmpexb7ThdDUyAd7C0LKOVXAxrTWrEaCua6b7ph5hQK9S-5VNFeAKajDvJgIf69Nr8sLLHf29j0a70NXlrLeARr0zgf1B617JGgXQa41dKZiyOjdmCD-i9CSM/s400/394px-Zeus_Otricoli_Pio-Clementino_Inv257.jpg" width="261" /></a></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Escultura grega</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmlTqzKIsweRI9tnYn1Ns-foIpVBWGIGd8UwwiGVe5pIaVvfg2h3hwicd3py89IH918AQuqqsz4BVSxR2YKOuZBASDnZ8Av2Mg2tpaA9HgKMtrV9wJ-EKVzpix3SwkcGJL0yMO_2pcJ7M/s1600/caracalla215.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmlTqzKIsweRI9tnYn1Ns-foIpVBWGIGd8UwwiGVe5pIaVvfg2h3hwicd3py89IH918AQuqqsz4BVSxR2YKOuZBASDnZ8Av2Mg2tpaA9HgKMtrV9wJ-EKVzpix3SwkcGJL0yMO_2pcJ7M/s400/caracalla215.jpg" width="331" /></a></div><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p> Escultura Romana</o:p></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O Império Romano foi uma sociedade extraordinariamente aberta e cosmopolita, que absorveu os traços regionais num modelo comum totalmente romano, homogêneo e diversificado ao mesmo tempo. A "romanidade" da arte romana deve ser buscada nesse modelo complexo, e não numa única e consistente qualidade formal.</div></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A arte romana sofreu duas fortes influências: a da arte etrusca popular e votada para a expressão da realidade vivida, e a da Greco-helenística, orientada para a expressão de um ideal de beleza. Um dos legados culturais mais importantes que os etruscos deixaram aos romanos foi o uso do arco e da abóbada nas construções.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXOIfw73IIbl09QAzkZFF4NTMqVW60xU_BAn8P5DfsfVAy-9hBX6nuLEq05vBC3-CJWRRYdxivhbaEGGu2NpoJDD3eQbAFlDYBpSGIp7NIvpkshRbYXc_3Nyhcy3R97-Ynxgq-Luzjgbw/s400/hellenstc_laocoon_lg.jpg" width="381" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span> </span>Greco-Helenistica<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK1hN7ZX2NSdklRjqFIhqEeQOy2RBcrbGmnfA4pf1aUux8n9vQk_sSlXp9adPi46D3vxzAVnnWgBFzzfia1CVKWyr0aaXSQ77A4UBNENW7fNhdIfb40mM_xBUAT4e0hyhRUmuHnPaPWIo/s1600/sarcofago-etrusco.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK1hN7ZX2NSdklRjqFIhqEeQOy2RBcrbGmnfA4pf1aUux8n9vQk_sSlXp9adPi46D3vxzAVnnWgBFzzfia1CVKWyr0aaXSQ77A4UBNENW7fNhdIfb40mM_xBUAT4e0hyhRUmuHnPaPWIo/s400/sarcofago-etrusco.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> Arte Etrusca – Os esposos</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br />
<br />
<b>Arquitetura</b><br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A arquitetura romana mesclou influências etruscas, gregas, com as característica de sua própria civilização, principalmente a partir do século II a.C., quando as conquistas romanas possibilitaram a formação de uma elite enriquecida e ao<span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">mesmo</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">tempo</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">fortaleceu</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">o</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Estado</span></div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dos etruscos herdaram as técnicas que lhes permitiram a utilização do <b>arco</b> e da <b>abóbada</b>. Dos gregos herdaram as concepções clássicas dos estilos Jônio, Dório e coríntio, aos quais associaram novos estilos, como otoscano.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLxOoXN6aeNIV_BypDPJaLro27YPJwzueVefym0Q8RsoUOSqALw1vuTJoPbfnj4wZDbrlaZCnwe_8Pp-j-YE3K3phgluNRaLXuRgQBebGllwNKSFUTCGdrl58qY5TBQfa99lmsg5UbaAE/s1600/466px-Pantheon-panini.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLxOoXN6aeNIV_BypDPJaLro27YPJwzueVefym0Q8RsoUOSqALw1vuTJoPbfnj4wZDbrlaZCnwe_8Pp-j-YE3K3phgluNRaLXuRgQBebGllwNKSFUTCGdrl58qY5TBQfa99lmsg5UbaAE/s400/466px-Pantheon-panini.jpg" width="310" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2dM66mGXB5ymeKArzLyYKy9oESDfBCNpqs2YesGMUuxDn-m_GbbA62AabExXtt4GuGhEkZVoSRx2bMPOFNrRNNOCDM5myfk1YOFp8g6l384loAXr3I5tKirop6uYXJdPVQMFZsMRIlHE/s1600/1868653.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2dM66mGXB5ymeKArzLyYKy9oESDfBCNpqs2YesGMUuxDn-m_GbbA62AabExXtt4GuGhEkZVoSRx2bMPOFNrRNNOCDM5myfk1YOFp8g6l384loAXr3I5tKirop6uYXJdPVQMFZsMRIlHE/s400/1868653.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br />
</span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No entanto, a arquitetura romana, se foi fortemente influenciada pela cultura grega, desenvolveu, por sua vez obras que retratavam uma nova realidade, diferente daquela vivida por gregos, em qualquer período de sua história. Nesse sentido destaca-se a imponência e a grandiosidade das construções romanas, refletindo as conquistas e a riqueza desta sociedade - templos, basílicas, anfiteatros, arcos de triunfo, colunas comemorativas, termas e edifícios administrativos - eram obras que apresentavam dimensões <span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">monumentais.</span></div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Os romanos ainda construíram aquedutos que transportavam água limpa até as cidades e também desenvolveram complexos sistemas de esgoto para dar vazão à água servida e aos dejetos das casas.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdjbM_N4qhXQyC1GuHQM733BqZdSJZl8aMJaUAzkbgWjlTPh6bl2PAoZxulMv25GyEi9PeXi5uVfO1R_M9G4ewIfKhamI25FijJ8QSHZKMQ09wquuE2BqOAyladZzlGsIDzFspr_lKEaU/s1600/coliseu-de-roma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdjbM_N4qhXQyC1GuHQM733BqZdSJZl8aMJaUAzkbgWjlTPh6bl2PAoZxulMv25GyEi9PeXi5uVfO1R_M9G4ewIfKhamI25FijJ8QSHZKMQ09wquuE2BqOAyladZzlGsIDzFspr_lKEaU/s400/coliseu-de-roma.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arquitetura Romana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; tab-stops: 323.15pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSwk5KV-VakWuSAkuOjZ3sYh0U48bCKmyezp4WKCrgFlDjCIVohfq4de0bus4a0ogi8U0HpdijG2KEden6aDpUqPEFMhgKW4ee21lUzNV2jq5ousshUByixLgqBQg6JNI_NDIvBeGdWfM/s1600/grecia+antiga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSwk5KV-VakWuSAkuOjZ3sYh0U48bCKmyezp4WKCrgFlDjCIVohfq4de0bus4a0ogi8U0HpdijG2KEden6aDpUqPEFMhgKW4ee21lUzNV2jq5ousshUByixLgqBQg6JNI_NDIvBeGdWfM/s400/grecia+antiga.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; tab-stops: 323.15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"> Arquitetura Grega </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Da mesma maneira encontramos obras particulares, mansões nas cidades e em seus arredores, refletindo a riqueza de patrícios e posteriormente dos homens novos. O enriquecimento proveniente das conquista foi responsável pelo desenvolvimento do gosto pelo luxo, e pode ser percebido também nas construções.<o:p></o:p></div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">As características gerais da arquitetura romana são:</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Busca do útil imediato, senso da realismo</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Grandeza material, realçando a idéia de força</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Energia e sentimento</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Predomínio da caráter sobre a beleza</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Originais: urbanismo, vias de comunicação, anfiteatro, termas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">As construções eram de cinco espécies, de acordo com as funções:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Religião: Templos</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pouco se conhece deles. Os mais conhecidos são o templo de Júpiter Stater, o de Saturno, o da Concórdia e o de César. O Panteão, construído em Roma durante o reinado do Imperador Adriano foi planejado para reunir a grande variedade de deuses existentes em todo o Império, esse templo romano, com sua planta circular fechada por uma cúpula, cria um local isolado do exterior onde o povo se reunia para o culto.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfaPR23EZEq4YrOZNFRO818o45IiZgPU3859ammSuzvegmFB8_CxRX_g1eLvLvcbcYQyP7k8WS96Lxuc3mX_7DYyVKHcqqVhguWhqb5WMPWgm-at7KkRl5i7MP__47-NuLiWA12TTa03g/s1600/forum01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfaPR23EZEq4YrOZNFRO818o45IiZgPU3859ammSuzvegmFB8_CxRX_g1eLvLvcbcYQyP7k8WS96Lxuc3mX_7DYyVKHcqqVhguWhqb5WMPWgm-at7KkRl5i7MP__47-NuLiWA12TTa03g/s400/forum01.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ2dx2pp5bqEWHW9CWSa9qw63TFGS2rQhLHhlRBGkckMCC0eaN331vKIQLeR5vnYL4T_UABmjcOA72CfnMyVUPP_LVyYZlNI_ZYhzqvuGkdBrYEFJIuKVCoN038ndmbzgYBfTV92CWLls/s1600/forum02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ2dx2pp5bqEWHW9CWSa9qw63TFGS2rQhLHhlRBGkckMCC0eaN331vKIQLeR5vnYL4T_UABmjcOA72CfnMyVUPP_LVyYZlNI_ZYhzqvuGkdBrYEFJIuKVCoN038ndmbzgYBfTV92CWLls/s400/forum02.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Comércio e civismo: Basílica</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A princípio<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>destinada a operações comerciais e a ato judiciários, a basílica servia para reuniões de bolsa, para tribunal e leitura de editos. Mais tarde, já com o Cristianismo, passou a designar uma igreja com certos privilégios. A basílica apresenta uma característica inconfundível: a planta retangular, (de quatro e cinco mil metros) dividida em várias colunatas. Para citar uma, a basílica Julia, iniciada no governo de Júlio Cesar, foi concluída no Império de Otávio Augusto.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIjN8gQvrYKzhTGHKe8iPKzYci-h3_0cg77nYQtMHl4Gdqfal-g20PZQvt8FX5_-tlze8ADoc1ELlUn4skKdsERAP-0RIaiEDFJ2-DlWTYKo3seUFAs1OxyWcckRezA0vsnI4gg-5eR_k/s1600/basilica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIjN8gQvrYKzhTGHKe8iPKzYci-h3_0cg77nYQtMHl4Gdqfal-g20PZQvt8FX5_-tlze8ADoc1ELlUn4skKdsERAP-0RIaiEDFJ2-DlWTYKo3seUFAs1OxyWcckRezA0vsnI4gg-5eR_k/s400/basilica.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-qUuGMLMaj64tEIjVB5AS9tffuF8djf4VqTlnnvtZLladBq2WZqyq5Ou8LQhEQ8v68fa9GpkWa2RVpWJ7JYjQeVAtpFqYByEBzSiemB8jTGlbovaV8l7i54KfRvg8kcgwzU_qCu3SNBM/s400/Maggiore.jpg" width="400" /></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Higiene: Termas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Constituídas de ginásio, piscina, pórticos e jardins, as termas eram o centro social de Roma. As mais famosas são as termas de Caracala que, além de casas de banho, eram centros de reuniões sociais e esportes.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie_wiRrvSTyntHyX16JeFHzIfqjQTjIP2VpQP2n0mhKFogwpldMI0af4jbNhiYFgD74wovLy2WXVW-KC7zV5xGiUSrIFdCpPVQNsx29OJG-M61OfgdFXrB8yFTBnnfi6mRMtsc-2lbMtM/s1600/roman%252520bath%252520at%252520bath.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie_wiRrvSTyntHyX16JeFHzIfqjQTjIP2VpQP2n0mhKFogwpldMI0af4jbNhiYFgD74wovLy2WXVW-KC7zV5xGiUSrIFdCpPVQNsx29OJG-M61OfgdFXrB8yFTBnnfi6mRMtsc-2lbMtM/s400/roman%252520bath%252520at%252520bath.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijlOu-_WVbEZ1PEyFrEJXtkx2BqZ6_X7MFgrymdEwZJmdA8AuFMJ3qR33FI96FEfaYQRqJ-tsmcM7ZCUMYo8KDLJSxfbaFy69M_QVkHC4xq4xsvle9nu9fz0M0kHevx4v0eassc0wC-nI/s1600/800px-Termas_Romanas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijlOu-_WVbEZ1PEyFrEJXtkx2BqZ6_X7MFgrymdEwZJmdA8AuFMJ3qR33FI96FEfaYQRqJ-tsmcM7ZCUMYo8KDLJSxfbaFy69M_QVkHC4xq4xsvle9nu9fz0M0kHevx4v0eassc0wC-nI/s400/800px-Termas_Romanas.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Divertimentos</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Circo</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Extremamente<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>afeito aos divertimentos, foi de Roma que se originou o circo. Dos jogos praticados temos:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Jogos circenses- corridas de carros; ginásios- incluídos neles o pugilato; jogos de Tróia- aquele em que havia torneios a cavalos; Sob a influência grega, os verdadeiros jogos circenses romanos só surgiram pelo ano 264 a.C. Dos circos romanos, o mais célebre é o “Circus Maximus”.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVoIOQCj4BLrNuOtQLldVhq5e3kCbP9gDqynBNO4FPdMgwDMDG3imB3CcDWKOYkXIDnQhx92AbXBawMqSJa2N6Q4S-xSzVMPVeQ3HrvWzdDQjCwSdV1BAngyImclZW-JEYFmB9XG5GP08/s1600/circo-romano1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVoIOQCj4BLrNuOtQLldVhq5e3kCbP9gDqynBNO4FPdMgwDMDG3imB3CcDWKOYkXIDnQhx92AbXBawMqSJa2N6Q4S-xSzVMPVeQ3HrvWzdDQjCwSdV1BAngyImclZW-JEYFmB9XG5GP08/s400/circo-romano1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUCz7ofu9E2OHmVgI80MsgO9M6UfdcfeWZMfE5u9ZgdWmj0c-ZryWrzKdEJY635rLSxVFptNRmOJpTZV1RFsMTkE9UnG3hkSJvWWO-dlSayiovDhLggeqaWmICdcUucbkVoR8-z6V0BwE/s1600/1921978.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUCz7ofu9E2OHmVgI80MsgO9M6UfdcfeWZMfE5u9ZgdWmj0c-ZryWrzKdEJY635rLSxVFptNRmOJpTZV1RFsMTkE9UnG3hkSJvWWO-dlSayiovDhLggeqaWmICdcUucbkVoR8-z6V0BwE/s400/1921978.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Teatro</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imitado do teatro grego. O principal teatro é o de Marcelus. Tinha cenários versáteis, giratórios e retiráveis.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF8NRRy2qhX_r9nrzqw3YM90IdlBNB24XFbgFybQam546oBYkP6v5O7_oA-WQ44IyH5NeeFjyWqol8DQZoLy9GGDWofEBtVZ7H1icL-PSlpe7QTHwjYkI6YJ3_ckuna3SSWVxshdv2UpY/s1600/Teatro-Romana-Spoleto-Gohoto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF8NRRy2qhX_r9nrzqw3YM90IdlBNB24XFbgFybQam546oBYkP6v5O7_oA-WQ44IyH5NeeFjyWqol8DQZoLy9GGDWofEBtVZ7H1icL-PSlpe7QTHwjYkI6YJ3_ckuna3SSWVxshdv2UpY/s400/Teatro-Romana-Spoleto-Gohoto.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU8-ceugnh53E8tQzk7-tFErrXQSkhZ3nc2bOVU9YzbYLleOc33oXMkUwJvRmq1Jx_TcgK8iCE864YaOvNz48y6fAlNipmriEAJJ7XoJhrt26EeSbbQWb6HOJXHiUJe36spkUQYOSI7gc/s1600/8664406.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU8-ceugnh53E8tQzk7-tFErrXQSkhZ3nc2bOVU9YzbYLleOc33oXMkUwJvRmq1Jx_TcgK8iCE864YaOvNz48y6fAlNipmriEAJJ7XoJhrt26EeSbbQWb6HOJXHiUJe36spkUQYOSI7gc/s400/8664406.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Anfiteatro</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O povo romano apreciava muito as lutas dos gladiadores. Essas lutas compunham um espetáculo que podia ser apreciado de qualquer ângulo.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Pois a palavra anfiteatro significa teatro de um e de outro lado. Assim era o Coliseu, certamente o mais belo dos anfiteatros romanos. Externamente o edifício era ornamentado por esculturas, que ficavam dentro dos arcos, e por três andares com ordens de colunas gregas (de baixo para cima: ordem dórica, ordem jônica e ordem coríntia). Essas colunas, na verdade eram meias colunas, pois ficavam presas à estrutura das arcadas. Portanto, não tinham a função de sustentar a construção, mas apenas de ornamentá-la. Esse anfiteatro de enormes proporções chegava a acomodar 40.000 pessoas sentadas e mais 5.000 em pé.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPJNnSg-L3em83drv7vViG-ceF_eFsG2CPQjr-pOWAgtwhpTOsl2SRiYW3eJkzgBE8Tj5v0D0wl1q2AnNZfmGGR_6QbLFpoujLczyuP6YbKPllelQSI1pgxUs8Qj1z25YkpVJKY4OMzPM/s1600/coliseo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPJNnSg-L3em83drv7vViG-ceF_eFsG2CPQjr-pOWAgtwhpTOsl2SRiYW3eJkzgBE8Tj5v0D0wl1q2AnNZfmGGR_6QbLFpoujLczyuP6YbKPllelQSI1pgxUs8Qj1z25YkpVJKY4OMzPM/s400/coliseo.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM-3_rV2mLrP2FGh0a2bsK2QVu_jir3m5g7wOkWaMcr5w5_lsx8fHkI6dy9bQaFEZsafJmUZJ1IIs3TdsOqIlEsX-tkMwSCn3J2xk5pKmjHy7tXhs0ZXYJ6gsbcR6uoZ4CvHHjn8Xhc2s/s1600/3605_2007-1886.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM-3_rV2mLrP2FGh0a2bsK2QVu_jir3m5g7wOkWaMcr5w5_lsx8fHkI6dy9bQaFEZsafJmUZJ1IIs3TdsOqIlEsX-tkMwSCn3J2xk5pKmjHy7tXhs0ZXYJ6gsbcR6uoZ4CvHHjn8Xhc2s/s400/3605_2007-1886.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Monumentos decorativos</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Arco do Triunfo</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pórtico monumental feito em homenagem aos imperadores e generais vitoriosos. O mais famoso deles é o arco de Tito, todo em mármore. Construído no Fórum Romano para comemorar a tomada de Jerusalém .</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikSuMujpA93glkhWl2RA-3zZeSj7VEuos00VyK2fQaT3FzD7AjcmprW47xWOVQ8sILZRQXhZBgjFDIaKeuYqFa8tvFrco6QB_MiKaC_OhLW0iqY6zMmDMxWpob6duqlvxBzqtklbxFz40/s1600/676px-Arco_de_Tito.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikSuMujpA93glkhWl2RA-3zZeSj7VEuos00VyK2fQaT3FzD7AjcmprW47xWOVQ8sILZRQXhZBgjFDIaKeuYqFa8tvFrco6QB_MiKaC_OhLW0iqY6zMmDMxWpob6duqlvxBzqtklbxFz40/s400/676px-Arco_de_Tito.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwfMkL_i9k1HnI-HiBhHI-Rr-UQNcunWowZKyyLTlZDjBQIRVNBHKNH3URBf659eL-pCjQyO9_0eov5PPc_0R3HRAgZtn2A9NKk2yfna4mbcvz4XIRO9fQH1xWz26vczdjXbZssMC7dA8/s640/398px-Tito%252C_testa_in_marmo_da_Pantelleria.jpg" width="424" /></div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Coluna Triunfal</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A mais famosa é a coluna de Trajano, com seu característico friso em espiral que possui a narrativa histórica dos feitos do Imperador em baixo relevo no fuste. Foi erguida por ordem do Senado para comemorar a vitória de Trajano sobre os Dácios e os Partos.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRGtJzwJcyMJY82vK_u8qQZS-cRwlNGofVZjWwqHdIrbLrjbyzJNpp5hyQMEeLN9dVBWf6HGtcA0vm8EBGSkm3NGwYdr3ej_uI3aCGOKuN_DCmO5SuoWOm_S2v5636C6MsPZVyylNEUUU/s1600/129_447-foro%252520trajano.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRGtJzwJcyMJY82vK_u8qQZS-cRwlNGofVZjWwqHdIrbLrjbyzJNpp5hyQMEeLN9dVBWf6HGtcA0vm8EBGSkm3NGwYdr3ej_uI3aCGOKuN_DCmO5SuoWOm_S2v5636C6MsPZVyylNEUUU/s400/129_447-foro%252520trajano.jpg" width="282" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk7v3QRx7fjjNWrqhjvRg6ak5VUaAfSD_8tp6jqigRLxAnMtaz8AJXvfTUs4Nr1QcZ_8Yn3TzClUrmrNVQ1q9YQTHDbsy3Im9goPlmvn1gZWprIZVTf8Q1uqzbE2NFxjAHux8MvrQT01U/s1600/1445821.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk7v3QRx7fjjNWrqhjvRg6ak5VUaAfSD_8tp6jqigRLxAnMtaz8AJXvfTUs4Nr1QcZ_8Yn3TzClUrmrNVQ1q9YQTHDbsy3Im9goPlmvn1gZWprIZVTf8Q1uqzbE2NFxjAHux8MvrQT01U/s320/1445821.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Moradia: Casa</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Era construída ao redor de um pátio chamado Átrio.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho2JbxWmZAA3G_ug1fgHMLQSQGqGrAjcqnkIpNiVDuPzdPWPzczJFSjJiInOOJJmp49rtidHHG7MN14ElPhhXklmDaNAYZ4UtVX8pV8qJFgvotNNhOpD4DUfoJklWNj4T1C1s8JxdeBWo/s1600/replica-de-um-autrim-romano.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho2JbxWmZAA3G_ug1fgHMLQSQGqGrAjcqnkIpNiVDuPzdPWPzczJFSjJiInOOJJmp49rtidHHG7MN14ElPhhXklmDaNAYZ4UtVX8pV8qJFgvotNNhOpD4DUfoJklWNj4T1C1s8JxdeBWo/s400/replica-de-um-autrim-romano.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizxgGko7JcMkaX5s1hwW_BV3e4AbV2iArQMbZY7ZJPW4y0TFQygsX-YS_hZjuJXIhMm__iRnzrsxmBJ3I09AcT_A24iLPl8gkln_WynrSSbydH010Mvc2Yj4fprxbrjl6kjuNoOuNmqAI/s1600/villa-romana-grande.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizxgGko7JcMkaX5s1hwW_BV3e4AbV2iArQMbZY7ZJPW4y0TFQygsX-YS_hZjuJXIhMm__iRnzrsxmBJ3I09AcT_A24iLPl8gkln_WynrSSbydH010Mvc2Yj4fprxbrjl6kjuNoOuNmqAI/s400/villa-romana-grande.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<b>Pintura</b><br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O conhecimento sobre a pintura romana deve-se em grande parte a descoberta de Pompéia, cidade que foi soterrada pela erupção do Vesúvio no ano 79 e descoberta no século XVIII. Encontramos na cidade diversas pinturas, de caráter decorativo, ornamentando os palácios e os aposentos das residências, reproduzindo paisagens, a fauna, a flora e cenas bucólicas; também retratavam seus habitantes, com grande fidelidade.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyWNviA5PN4X6jTw3KS_j_8L-MW6M73Hk874VFRD6smmuPiMGAP-KDrj00O4fthrQA2Q-cSC-XTsGaqkePsTaxB9KOwTd9JMiVlrEZmAXfSnNWe72oO1FjfbKe40yCk-OAyOg6_ECavRc/s1600/i459.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyWNviA5PN4X6jTw3KS_j_8L-MW6M73Hk874VFRD6smmuPiMGAP-KDrj00O4fthrQA2Q-cSC-XTsGaqkePsTaxB9KOwTd9JMiVlrEZmAXfSnNWe72oO1FjfbKe40yCk-OAyOg6_ECavRc/s400/i459.jpg" width="372" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcEuAokGxXoGJ67151tqyx72E-Kpd-7G3wxiBOZ59cYv97bCm7dt5ZF45felxXblqTqTN6fGtOPJG9ZOEWVelKkMqpjHQUANke-a7f9xbPcQVtfSMtQ8XnmBm9K9fzSGECys-OS59UgZA/s1600/pintura_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcEuAokGxXoGJ67151tqyx72E-Kpd-7G3wxiBOZ59cYv97bCm7dt5ZF45felxXblqTqTN6fGtOPJG9ZOEWVelKkMqpjHQUANke-a7f9xbPcQVtfSMtQ8XnmBm9K9fzSGECys-OS59UgZA/s400/pintura_1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O mosaico foi muito utilizado na decoração dos muros e pisos da arquitetura em geral.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A maior parte das pinturas romanas que conhecemos hoje provém das cidades de Pompéia e Herculano, que foram soterradas pela erupção do Vesúvio em 79 a.C. Os estudiosos da pintura existente em Pompéia classificam a decoração das paredes internas dos edifícios em quatro estilos.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Primeiro estilo: recobrir as paredes de uma sala com uma camada de gesso pintado; que dava impressão de placas de mármore.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Segundo estilo: Os artistas começaram então a pintar painéis que criavam a ilusão de janelas abertas por onde eram vistas paisagens com animais, aves e pessoas, formando um grande mural. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terceiro estilo: representações fiéis da realidade e valorizou a delicadeza dos pequenos detalhes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quarto estilo: um painel de fundo vermelho, tendo ao centro uma pintura, geralmente cópia de obra grega, imitando um cenário teatral.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b>Escultura</b><o:p></o:p></div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Os romanos eram admiradores da arte grega, mas por temperamento, eram muito diferentes dos gregos. Por serem realistas e práticos, suas esculturas são uma representação fiel das pessoas e não a de um ideal de beleza humana, com fizeram os gregos. Retratavam os imperadores e os homens da sociedade. Mais realistas que idealista, a estatuária romana teve seu êxito</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">nos</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">retratos.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A influência grega fez com que surgissem em Roma os copistas, que retratavam com extrema fidelidade as principais obras clássicas, de homens consagrados</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">como</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Fídias</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">e</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Praxítelis.<br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O racionalismo e a fidelidade ao real orientaram a produção da estatuária romana e serviram para satisfazer o desejo de glorificação pessoal e de comemoração de conquistas e grandes feitos. Proliferaram no âmbito dessa arte romana os bustos, retratos de corpo inteiro e estátuas equestres de imperadores e patrícios, os quais passaram desse modo à posteridade.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVk5HTPtgHH7u2oI4GDp30n4-TYVdv_K1icbN8MMc019Ty6Qv_S-LhKeumdIrZHYVpei_-_0lzdlaWOIXKmpF_yTUuZW9p5pX5YSCvSUOHLfniJnAYbTVMUZEU2EWVf3YUtRmHuwNTfQI/s1600/2403.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVk5HTPtgHH7u2oI4GDp30n4-TYVdv_K1icbN8MMc019Ty6Qv_S-LhKeumdIrZHYVpei_-_0lzdlaWOIXKmpF_yTUuZW9p5pX5YSCvSUOHLfniJnAYbTVMUZEU2EWVf3YUtRmHuwNTfQI/s400/2403.jpg" width="250" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk04Zb-nLhp8MHMMsZbZiV53yE_OOmzpXPNeWJ7eXmS9zaDSSTHsRzV0a8uNs6leQMHYnXUhHb0i99FbPTOnLjeRmKZmSJv2v7QM2fBcJH-flQisQc0DXRljBQsH0O1YS-1rb_FyoURtU/s1600/escultura-romana-piedra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk04Zb-nLhp8MHMMsZbZiV53yE_OOmzpXPNeWJ7eXmS9zaDSSTHsRzV0a8uNs6leQMHYnXUhHb0i99FbPTOnLjeRmKZmSJv2v7QM2fBcJH-flQisQc0DXRljBQsH0O1YS-1rb_FyoURtU/s400/escultura-romana-piedra.jpg" width="265" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAPZDQq8rlGlP5JZFbLk5tiFsQ34UjSJBNXQXZmHtfbgHTDPQyayxuUTR3aB9J-qvqBW9ju1iXCHPu3NpQaBi8ZJOxPFCVVSvYkN19OsERQ4LfufT1Aw9ZgLxmSvYRfM7xdhRTDZOhwuM/s1600/ESCULT%257E1+%25282%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAPZDQq8rlGlP5JZFbLk5tiFsQ34UjSJBNXQXZmHtfbgHTDPQyayxuUTR3aB9J-qvqBW9ju1iXCHPu3NpQaBi8ZJOxPFCVVSvYkN19OsERQ4LfufT1Aw9ZgLxmSvYRfM7xdhRTDZOhwuM/s320/ESCULT%257E1+%25282%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A narração de fatos históricos e a reprodução de campanhas militares tomou forma nos relevos que se desenvolveram na fachada de templos e dos Arcos de triunfo.</div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 3.15pt 0cm 9.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Com a invasão dos bárbaros as preocupações com as artes diminuíram e poucos monumentos foram realizados pelo Estado. Era o começo da decadência do Império Romano que no século V - precisamente no ano 476 – perde o domínio do seu</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">vasto</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">território</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">do</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Ocidente</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">para</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">invasores</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">germânicos.<br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-68546374145680764672011-06-23T05:33:00.000-07:002011-06-23T05:37:13.006-07:00HISTÓRIA DO DESENHO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><script type="text/javascript">
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</script><span style="color: #333333; display: none; mso-hide: all;"><a href="http://julirossi.blogspot.com/2008/01/histria-do-desenho.html#main"><span style="color: black;">skip to main </span></a>| <a href="http://julirossi.blogspot.com/2008/01/histria-do-desenho.html#sidebar"><span style="color: black;">skip to sidebar</span></a></span><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> </v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Houve uma época em que o homem primitivo não sabia escrever. Para registrar o que via e, talvez, para comunicar-se, ele fazia desenhos nas paredes das cavernas que habitava.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inicialmente, reproduzia as coisas que observava ao seu redor, como os animais e a natureza. Depois criou símbolos, em geral pequenos sinais ou figuras, com os quais procurou expressar ideias, emoções, registrar seu cotidiano, fatos que consideravam importantes. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O homem pré-histórico marcou na rocha seres humanos, animais, plantas, elementos do seu mundo, expressando de uma forma intensa as suas vivências.</span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_y7-vo-oPabmMczezwfpBrHtE5SFT9g-NDN92i5R2C5WYfIx8PN77sjunEgEGLkZqLl68iYRWQLrDC4r3dOX5scX0xRItWsdFxJCqz6MYr4o5SeiJGIec720JRnRBXef7wy0s8GxiVAk/s1600/eslide1.0+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_y7-vo-oPabmMczezwfpBrHtE5SFT9g-NDN92i5R2C5WYfIx8PN77sjunEgEGLkZqLl68iYRWQLrDC4r3dOX5scX0xRItWsdFxJCqz6MYr4o5SeiJGIec720JRnRBXef7wy0s8GxiVAk/s400/eslide1.0+%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Pintura rupestre - Lascaux. 15.000 a 10.000 anos A.C.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As culturas da antiguidade como a Egípcia e Grega, deixaram marcas da sua história registadas sob a forma de imagens desenhadas que nos oferecem meios para a compreensão do seu pensamento história e sabedoria.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpX35E1lHPUhQVfczwqU8d0c7emI4aL95l1tzAz931WJ-5a552UYc3RUfp2okGcOliRlnkQaHh4jXRkDGD5RcJOi2QDXHqZ6m6po2oJdMddjG7JCh4MWxNOO4H2zy4K7WJM3fzxC60Dxk/s1600/067+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpX35E1lHPUhQVfczwqU8d0c7emI4aL95l1tzAz931WJ-5a552UYc3RUfp2okGcOliRlnkQaHh4jXRkDGD5RcJOi2QDXHqZ6m6po2oJdMddjG7JCh4MWxNOO4H2zy4K7WJM3fzxC60Dxk/s400/067+%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Fragmento do livro dos mortos de Tebas - Egito, C/ 1000 AC<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cada cultura possui saberes, códigos e valores próprios e, portanto condiciona os sistemas de comunicação. O desenho de cada período histórico é condicionado por aquilo que em determinado momento histórico é considerado verdadeiro e digno de importância. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quase sempre um registo desenhado parte de uma experiência de observação da realidade. Refletindo sobre o que vê, o homem regista o que compreende da realidade e o que julga ser digno de interesse.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Conceito de desenho</span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>É a representação de formas sobre uma superfície, por meio de linhas, pontos e manchas, com objetivo lúdico, artístico, científico ou técnico.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O desenho é uma das formas mais diretas de comunicação e uma das primeiras formas de expressão desenvolvidas pelo ser humano. Toda criança desenha naturalmente, antes de aprender a escrever.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6n1yHl7YEKkzx-rUgCkEEsecgqqYwQb3kq-guYsQfcAgsf0vSekrRAOnoc-Ko53RZJNYR0YGdOgq9nDoyHCPFGm3digGXgB1OOdWnfwmBK_BBPVYlsCtw_mVVfMOy7dUidv5XLh5DUnM/s1600/dornier-17p+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6n1yHl7YEKkzx-rUgCkEEsecgqqYwQb3kq-guYsQfcAgsf0vSekrRAOnoc-Ko53RZJNYR0YGdOgq9nDoyHCPFGm3digGXgB1OOdWnfwmBK_BBPVYlsCtw_mVVfMOy7dUidv5XLh5DUnM/s400/dornier-17p+%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiln0Q-Nz87gezySIgJAjTxsU56eThWMuWJY05x7LTGWc4lsNfKtq6U8f2cLtq65sFvJGZmOyagqcutG08WIeR1JdbImMQHqM0s1jkTWIQ4mS33HoM3TSObwXx2dnL_eqyabZFIEkbp49c/s1600/berii-manga-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiln0Q-Nz87gezySIgJAjTxsU56eThWMuWJY05x7LTGWc4lsNfKtq6U8f2cLtq65sFvJGZmOyagqcutG08WIeR1JdbImMQHqM0s1jkTWIQ4mS33HoM3TSObwXx2dnL_eqyabZFIEkbp49c/s400/berii-manga-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Desenhar é muito útil. Usamos o desenho para contar histórias, registrar ideias, fazer mapas, entre outras coisas. Quando desenhamos damos vida à imaginação, criamos um mundo novo, expressamos nossos sentimentos e nos divertimos!<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cada pessoa tem uma maneira especial de desenhar. Alguns têm mão firme e usam uma linha forte e única. Outros vão aos poucos descobrindo os caminhos, traçando linhas fracas e imprecisas, até encontrar uma forma final.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O desenho é, enfim, uma linguagem. Todas as pessoas sabem desenhar. É só ser espontâneo, não ter medo. Solte-se, experimente o prazer de ver o lápis correr livre sobre a folha e vá aos poucos descobrindo para onde quer ir. E lembre-se; não existem<b> </b>desenhos certo ou errado. Além disso, quanto mais você praticar, mais se sentirá a vontade para criar novos desenhos.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkWZLk8rM7q8iskk8fhkThaAdJlCfzxmEES4quhY-eUFlVRaTYJe0qEQaglmR9XbAxWbKSW4_jC5F7uwVQ8wAKOmhmJFlE3WDH3LWzron5XZsGBIuwCYONAqMkaK6B4MYUrUAq9cZVrSQ/s1600/4+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkWZLk8rM7q8iskk8fhkThaAdJlCfzxmEES4quhY-eUFlVRaTYJe0qEQaglmR9XbAxWbKSW4_jC5F7uwVQ8wAKOmhmJFlE3WDH3LWzron5XZsGBIuwCYONAqMkaK6B4MYUrUAq9cZVrSQ/s400/4+%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVmVSNWzQl5pPwcq1sWl3h-bqWoFwAlglwPvEnnqZ_y5YjSarxGnENS5pABHxtGAV3mitJCTPJkqtur5HQgzmREVXTRKl9SVnAoRKHjdDGpSu7tDGf9XUBumAIxJpWzEt_9Ex5uFLiYpo/s400/desenhos-infantis-colorir+%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Por que se desenha<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Os desenhos são úteis para muitas coisas; desenhamos em diversas ocasiões e com diferentes finalidades. Podemos desenhar para mostrar graficamente algo que queremos realizar, para conhecer melhor a realidade, para guardar ou transmitir informação, ou simplesmente com uma forma de expressão artística.</span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Para projetar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Em algumas ocasiões, desenhamos para registrar no papel ou em outra superfície as formas básicas de algo que queremos realizar ou um quadro que queremos pintar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEQNpl0PStBWdA8E-j-JC9fSkXJLT4e1YezSxgGhVIaeIcX-g1Ene4EyQZitpwHHv21TrTfTUi-YXr9pgGDukUw33tOx4uLzoF4w4r_TdIG8c7zZanmn_3tMNrZwUri-5XKQaI3EF8EyQ/s1600/1295043262_38010754_1-Fotos-de--Desenhos-Tecnicos-em-Geral+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEQNpl0PStBWdA8E-j-JC9fSkXJLT4e1YezSxgGhVIaeIcX-g1Ene4EyQZitpwHHv21TrTfTUi-YXr9pgGDukUw33tOx4uLzoF4w4r_TdIG8c7zZanmn_3tMNrZwUri-5XKQaI3EF8EyQ/s400/1295043262_38010754_1-Fotos-de--Desenhos-Tecnicos-em-Geral+%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPP-9Wu4mgh_zOZwQsGtBVnboA-TDkMrUeGfr5USwGI8OQzVnwGqiB5IWf1R8zNRUZY8_3uqxJi3nIyhiiyIL4JkFrnChP94B5pJjoH4qjIqd-wmauI0p54V_nsTMDWsml2TReewrYvAU/s1600/desenho_artistico_12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPP-9Wu4mgh_zOZwQsGtBVnboA-TDkMrUeGfr5USwGI8OQzVnwGqiB5IWf1R8zNRUZY8_3uqxJi3nIyhiiyIL4JkFrnChP94B5pJjoH4qjIqd-wmauI0p54V_nsTMDWsml2TReewrYvAU/s400/desenho_artistico_12.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Para descrever a realidade</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quando queremos representar seres e objetos, em geral os observamos atentamente, para captar suas formas e compreender sua estrutura.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Além disso, precisamos encontrar um modo de registrar graficamente tudo o que analisamos. Para fazer uma pintura ou uma escultura, às vezes é necessário realizar rascunhos e estudos a partir da natureza, de objetos ou de pessoas, que utilizamos com modelo.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidSR7iOd5Phw_4Iak2FDxmw9MWWWvOAgkosjJSWzlAJmHYxr1zs8KgHYyIeLuCDgcWFYsmYWiVVmxU-eyyQ9hc7GweG2aURmqMYLHSkHnArZDkn2L8FBxDbyS_fZWzfcnMAdH712XJqn0/s1600/451_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidSR7iOd5Phw_4Iak2FDxmw9MWWWvOAgkosjJSWzlAJmHYxr1zs8KgHYyIeLuCDgcWFYsmYWiVVmxU-eyyQ9hc7GweG2aURmqMYLHSkHnArZDkn2L8FBxDbyS_fZWzfcnMAdH712XJqn0/s400/451_1.jpg" width="396" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Para guardar e transmitir informação</span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As ilustrações que acompanham todo tipo de texto, em jornais, revistas, livros escolares, etc., complementam as informações do texto. Por exemplo, o desenho científico mostra a informação destacando o que é mais importante, organizando as formas de maneira que sejam vistas com facilidade e eliminando o que não interessa, como quando representamos as partes de uma planta. Isso é algo que não se pode conseguir tão facilmente com a fotografia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHnBejfc_FluCSvVFEy4DJHZYWzLXrkxswfgNMWBATQA02v42Erbk83pq5ooiLtSn_QZZuPLw4O2iIUCDTi6H36qZzDISq-WjhmDi-Ba-32xIn8DsHDCBzxoyrIw842KOvlA9B9Kru1pI/s1600/200809%257E1+%25282%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHnBejfc_FluCSvVFEy4DJHZYWzLXrkxswfgNMWBATQA02v42Erbk83pq5ooiLtSn_QZZuPLw4O2iIUCDTi6H36qZzDISq-WjhmDi-Ba-32xIn8DsHDCBzxoyrIw842KOvlA9B9Kru1pI/s400/200809%257E1+%25282%2529.JPG" width="400" /></a><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Como forma de expressão artística</span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O desenho também é uma forma de expressão artística independente, que tem sua própria linguagem, seus próprios materiais e sua história.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpGYIWw8P8DF5Vuc6iZ3SNBgoA8BgrCY-1wkjf9KYXY7rO-gN-51lEuTuHhB-uNXz-Ns879fnjuPU5bUyjXCu_7FhHdDsYOyBf1NC8xUMHtPj6too9IQ5zZABb6Y8cGDhduKhZfJMshXU/s1600/Desenho-retrato-II+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpGYIWw8P8DF5Vuc6iZ3SNBgoA8BgrCY-1wkjf9KYXY7rO-gN-51lEuTuHhB-uNXz-Ns879fnjuPU5bUyjXCu_7FhHdDsYOyBf1NC8xUMHtPj6too9IQ5zZABb6Y8cGDhduKhZfJMshXU/s400/Desenho-retrato-II+%25282%2529.jpg" width="290" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnt7TjroYaq3BeszcfhQ8jeWVbKTTSVar7IiFtiKLhg-pAm6uUU3WsdgIxWllOQYGkSD2dMZBDUkdb6Pz0NOlFrPJmsNv8zBnItfVdn52s7g4lgNRODVZPUUUGC7Jmi9FSgoeIx8sbq9k/s1600/helllo-kitty-3+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnt7TjroYaq3BeszcfhQ8jeWVbKTTSVar7IiFtiKLhg-pAm6uUU3WsdgIxWllOQYGkSD2dMZBDUkdb6Pz0NOlFrPJmsNv8zBnItfVdn52s7g4lgNRODVZPUUUGC7Jmi9FSgoeIx8sbq9k/s400/helllo-kitty-3+%25282%2529.jpg" width="372" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Materiais<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O desenho possui uma especial, particular em sua forma de comunicar uma ideia, uma imagem, um signo, através de determinados suportes: papel, cartolina, lousa, muros, chão, areia, madeira, pano, utilizando determinados instrumentos: lápis, cera, carvão, giz, pastel, canetas hidrográficas, bico de pena, vareta, pontas de toda espécie.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O lápis é a principal ferramenta de desenho, com ele podemos representar qualquer tema da realidade. Apesar de ser o mais humilde de todos os materiais encontrados para o desenvolvimento das artes plásticas. Oferece uma ampla gama de recursos. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Além dele, precisamos apenas de uma folha de papel para criar qualquer representação artística. Trata-se, sem dúvida, do elemento mais criativo, mais simples e completo que existe. Seu grande poder reside na possibilidade de fazer desde um traço limpo e fino, até o mais sutil dos esfumados.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O carvão é o mais antigo material de desenho usado pelo homem. Obtido da combustão controlada de pequenos ramos de uma árvore ou arbusto, é sem dúvida o mais antigo material de desenho usado pelo homem.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbI6CHHmkiBfMRVXnfgHL2LPE0cjn7iLKLLpggAp01EMm8uMl0E1EBH5kQMINxr7N5CupX-GkHCM2D-GpXBNx0yUUSXUjS51MW6IoS2mEblHmvWCI3IvkN0N0oFwe_NTUeTFXb3zvn75o/s1600/1260798352sqi9Vm+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbI6CHHmkiBfMRVXnfgHL2LPE0cjn7iLKLLpggAp01EMm8uMl0E1EBH5kQMINxr7N5CupX-GkHCM2D-GpXBNx0yUUSXUjS51MW6IoS2mEblHmvWCI3IvkN0N0oFwe_NTUeTFXb3zvn75o/s400/1260798352sqi9Vm+%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2dHS1sUi1GXYWtlVdSakXwBUpvtwEJkiZjB2egGs9fErI23PaGoGl1tBNiEhS_04rAyRViHWXr0csqV6qTj7Su-jKGszAeAY_0Av_Hi7Txu5a1FXYKE2Wh6_5K0DZTR7hACLepi0jaPc/s1600/Materiais%252520para%252520Desenho%252520e%252520Mesas+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2dHS1sUi1GXYWtlVdSakXwBUpvtwEJkiZjB2egGs9fErI23PaGoGl1tBNiEhS_04rAyRViHWXr0csqV6qTj7Su-jKGszAeAY_0Av_Hi7Txu5a1FXYKE2Wh6_5K0DZTR7hACLepi0jaPc/s400/Materiais%252520para%252520Desenho%252520e%252520Mesas+%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Tipos de desenhos<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Desenho de observação:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consiste na observação de um objeto, ou figura de animais, vegetais ou figura humana, natureza morta ou paisagens, a fim de passar para o papel o que foi observado.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbTc9x1-fB2j2kT8rG8T_eiRKa-A-lPQlXUWwJMWab9xV2a7x3LlAOFTIEs1OD2bYbPrYh2FV8hRVkhn0ePyGsM3XC9ILFSyIrhqZRNOig-Ui9Sk2ag2y2I2wRruR77aY2sbKIhCKe_zw/s1600/img182.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbTc9x1-fB2j2kT8rG8T_eiRKa-A-lPQlXUWwJMWab9xV2a7x3LlAOFTIEs1OD2bYbPrYh2FV8hRVkhn0ePyGsM3XC9ILFSyIrhqZRNOig-Ui9Sk2ag2y2I2wRruR77aY2sbKIhCKe_zw/s400/img182.jpg" width="273" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsar112-XaaXPv9WzVEmBHIjDxcxnmIBqROBbOcSl7asVq_bUW_ZSQWbJ7foDU8_kmqfU6lXdzYnsimCvKgkj31tF-02EjF9jKE8byTB76HhapTrt03x7w7yBOS4d0psxPz3yYUmnyY-o/s1600/4945230548_b1d6b81e65.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsar112-XaaXPv9WzVEmBHIjDxcxnmIBqROBbOcSl7asVq_bUW_ZSQWbJ7foDU8_kmqfU6lXdzYnsimCvKgkj31tF-02EjF9jKE8byTB76HhapTrt03x7w7yBOS4d0psxPz3yYUmnyY-o/s400/4945230548_b1d6b81e65.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivJQm7fRPvwfO6Iak03b7cLKtZjfTyZOfGkExjDnWLR692vNgQdRAZnve2YPC-VlWwqkoMuPVLmBgXP3dUrAhT6hLoKOAxQdIZfcM4ObyXSvfbx6uxBjVAv5JStvaFncuh4zPwl2KjETo/s1600/275887WCEB_w+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivJQm7fRPvwfO6Iak03b7cLKtZjfTyZOfGkExjDnWLR692vNgQdRAZnve2YPC-VlWwqkoMuPVLmBgXP3dUrAhT6hLoKOAxQdIZfcM4ObyXSvfbx6uxBjVAv5JStvaFncuh4zPwl2KjETo/s400/275887WCEB_w+%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Desenho de memória:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O desenho de memória consiste em memorizarmos algo, e depois sejamos capaz de recriá-lo, sem precisar estarmos em sua presença. <b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-4JhjzoeoD0JZ2Kb48rvc4m6TzdxJvxXCHOrKarI0pk5i4hZbHXZVVuWk_WB2pINhyfe7nplhZGs-WfsplSFbbNijvS2DpYRpuiuqPRsrXCve334b_Vxjm_pzIUvaH4vpZjmXcEFHnWM/s1600/1d1732qw4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-4JhjzoeoD0JZ2Kb48rvc4m6TzdxJvxXCHOrKarI0pk5i4hZbHXZVVuWk_WB2pINhyfe7nplhZGs-WfsplSFbbNijvS2DpYRpuiuqPRsrXCve334b_Vxjm_pzIUvaH4vpZjmXcEFHnWM/s400/1d1732qw4.jpg" width="315" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyfHKizaaxzX-MKrF1erQpKSQXkYlend4ev4es5Rsuo-U8giD7q-8h_mZtZRih28LGqNLMQnpvr3xgiQPTSE2D0L-gRWQfpCD_7F0tWR3-0jT4Cr_XJp1o9-iVVHBdNAxAaJ_lj05jDKE/s1600/12401443_1+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyfHKizaaxzX-MKrF1erQpKSQXkYlend4ev4es5Rsuo-U8giD7q-8h_mZtZRih28LGqNLMQnpvr3xgiQPTSE2D0L-gRWQfpCD_7F0tWR3-0jT4Cr_XJp1o9-iVVHBdNAxAaJ_lj05jDKE/s400/12401443_1+%25282%2529.jpg" width="291" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Desenho falado<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O desenho falado consiste em reproduzir fielmente o que está sendo narrado, ou seja, o desenhista tenta buscar ao máximo de perfeição ao conteúdo narrado.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbBVEj4krTUUuSspJ3DuyOewVP9hPy8rGxeCIv862ZlJ_83i2ZpYNlbw_csEhvWblr5GceKelRhlsDPfqntKlOySBLR0ypvZWzdtPtwW3gsKnX3tMlLlFWsjp17ZWhJ80bdbv2NMOtYdE/s400/screenshot0021.jpg" width="400" /></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Desenho de imaginação</span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O desenho de imaginação consiste em reproduzirmos uma determinada situação, apenas usando a nossa capacidade imaginativa.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz79c23_UtqDSlrN9TuVyyrDLBZkRJfE4XeublTcJwyz4KrbEPnmU0A8kKwvvgQfyGx5ZGuFnNCRp3K240uaX44HeEsBbw3-XranP61Scqli_f-w5SxvtG_UxLZFEIV96oUI-55RuxdJg/s1600/desenho_artistico_4+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz79c23_UtqDSlrN9TuVyyrDLBZkRJfE4XeublTcJwyz4KrbEPnmU0A8kKwvvgQfyGx5ZGuFnNCRp3K240uaX44HeEsBbw3-XranP61Scqli_f-w5SxvtG_UxLZFEIV96oUI-55RuxdJg/s400/desenho_artistico_4+%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieFeLkMDq_xAqD8qKI-T7d6oidJ9g3l2uGdMtiuCi-JiJXgLhft0w9g02l8jSES8L-uBOlDrBRdFZzLeMOajrFuVL3ttE8qnBA0iQfnKKwLRAq62P95WjzCFhS9GbpQwy70_Tvqv85AtU/s1600/abrams21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieFeLkMDq_xAqD8qKI-T7d6oidJ9g3l2uGdMtiuCi-JiJXgLhft0w9g02l8jSES8L-uBOlDrBRdFZzLeMOajrFuVL3ttE8qnBA0iQfnKKwLRAq62P95WjzCFhS9GbpQwy70_Tvqv85AtU/s640/abrams21.jpg" width="476" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O ato de desenhar exige poder de decisão. O desenho é a revelação. Ao desenhar nos apropriamos do objeto desenhado, revelando-o. O desenho responde a toda forma de estagnação criativa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Seja no significado mágico que o desenho assumiu para o homem das cavernas, seja no desenvolvimento do desenho para a construção de maquinários no início da era industrial, seja na sua aplicação mais elaborada para o desenho industrial e a arquitetura, seja na função de comunicação que o desenho exerce na ilustração, na história em quadrinhos, o desenho reclama a sua autonomia e sua capacidade de abrangência com meio de comunicação, expressão e conhecimento. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1051" style="height: 185.25pt; width: 256.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:href="http://www.underflash.com/wp-content/uploads/desenhos-com-lapis-00.jpg" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_i1052" style="height: 183.75pt; width: 200.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:href="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_qVaS89i_nfA/SfHONbj8f6E/AAAAAAAAHyM/3MTE99jaDpw/s144-c/DesenhosIncriveis02.jpg" src="file:///C:\Users\KTIA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image049.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></span></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-72677756939154276902011-06-21T14:47:00.000-07:002011-06-21T14:48:33.809-07:00OS ELEMENTOS DA LINGUAGEM VISUAL<div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Como as imagens são construídas? Como podemos formar imagens? Quais são os elementos da linguagem visual? Se prestarmos atenção a um desenho, veremos que nele há pontos, linhas e cores. As formas em artes visuais são constituídas por pontos, linhas, planos, cores, que chamamos de elementos da inguagem visual. Ao combiná-los entre si, podemos criar imagens.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">O PONTO</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">O ponto é o elemento mais simples da linguagem visual. Quando imaginamos um ponto, normalmente pensamos nele como um pequeno círculo. No entanto, o ponto pode ter outras formas, como um quadrado ou uma mancha, por exemplo. Então, o que é um ponto? É um elemento pequeno se compararmos com o restante da imagem; é o menor de todos os elementos da linguagem visual e, no entanto, com ele construímos imagens. Se o ponto estivesse unido a outro, e este a outro, e assim sucessivamente, o que viríamos seria uma linha. Um ponto isolado em uma obra chama muita atenção de quem observa. Quando se desenha ou se pinta uma obra usando muitos pontos, pode-se criar uma sensação de vibração. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcdUjdu3mhFNhVL8jzPWPWQ_WXtm7CFerRpA4V_7KoUq_N3nMXrcXbVWcMBqVqugDdsEDfqpIUUUbIVAnsrLhUUKV2HzAjYOqpxVhpfSZ2crTn675u5Te6wRszvRUxYndQW0Qg5o5yJbw/s1600/1266962523_75875258_1-Retratos-em-pontilhismo-Coimbra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcdUjdu3mhFNhVL8jzPWPWQ_WXtm7CFerRpA4V_7KoUq_N3nMXrcXbVWcMBqVqugDdsEDfqpIUUUbIVAnsrLhUUKV2HzAjYOqpxVhpfSZ2crTn675u5Te6wRszvRUxYndQW0Qg5o5yJbw/s400/1266962523_75875258_1-Retratos-em-pontilhismo-Coimbra.jpg" width="351px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBKGunbw_x3MhGOOw3j6L8X4DGQq9TZz4wzKpaIzeUnPCTpaSWmMN31QQfDc6qWSw503_mb8tZ2uVp8vIKeEk6JaYTl3a4AzroDbdmImC7Npm9R0Ve7y33sj0apqt44OKG6gQ9L7sWx88/s1600/como-fazer-mosaico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="398px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBKGunbw_x3MhGOOw3j6L8X4DGQq9TZz4wzKpaIzeUnPCTpaSWmMN31QQfDc6qWSw503_mb8tZ2uVp8vIKeEk6JaYTl3a4AzroDbdmImC7Npm9R0Ve7y33sj0apqt44OKG6gQ9L7sWx88/s400/como-fazer-mosaico.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">AS LINHAS</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A linha ou traço, pode ser definida como o rastro que um ponto deixa ao ser deslocar no espaço, ou como uma sucessão de pontos, muito juntos uns aos outros. Pode ser grossa, fina, colorida, contínua, firme, fraca, interrompida, etc. há muitos tipos de linha. Cada tipo sugere uma sensação diferente.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">• RETA</span>. A linha reta traçada de maneira firme, contínua, pode dar uma impressão de rigidez e dureza.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">•<span style="font-size: large;"> CURVA</span>. A linha curva, traçada da mesma maneira, pode sugerir suavidade e sinuosidade.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">• VERTICAL.</span> Indica equilíbrio. Aparece em muitas obras de arte como expressão de espiritualidade e elevação.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">• HORIZONTAL</span>. Indica repouso. Também pode expressar quietude.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">• INCLINADA.</span> Faz parecer que algo satã prestes a se movimentar. Sugere instabilidade, movimento.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">• QUEBRADA</span>. Indica movimento. Forma-se combinando-se linhas retas.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">• ONDULADA</span>. É um tipo de linha curva. Sugere movimento suave e rítmico.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">• ESPIRAL.</span> Indica um movimento envolvente, que vai do centro para fora ou o contrário. Também é um tipo de linha curva. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLcvuIEB2B7meyqHbYTXEsUqRzTqgcX0EIL-WRK3xzvpMVRTBmnXFu12V46e318joD-q0Uff3KxZ_wQlRwq2Cz2TYrDOAuRKqgV6ofHsqaccwH6gSR5qgDUbEvn8tUl1R4-pdjDCjO3cQ/s1600/linhas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLcvuIEB2B7meyqHbYTXEsUqRzTqgcX0EIL-WRK3xzvpMVRTBmnXFu12V46e318joD-q0Uff3KxZ_wQlRwq2Cz2TYrDOAuRKqgV6ofHsqaccwH6gSR5qgDUbEvn8tUl1R4-pdjDCjO3cQ/s400/linhas.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">As figuras</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Quando desenhamos uma linha fechada em uma superfície, separamos um espaço do resto do papel. Isso é uma figura. Em arte nem todas as figuras são delimitadas com uma linha. Também podem ser feitas com cores, texturas, papéis recortados, etc.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Há simples como o círculo, o triângulo, o quadrado, e figuras mais complexas. Quando vemos uma figura simples, podemos Recordá-la com facilidade e até reproduzi-la. No entanto, quando vemos uma figura complexa, precisamos olhar atentamente para poder identificar os elementos visuais, a construção, etc.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI2Mo7YnZ4uzUAtEUPFQXk2JlVgvezvu5i8el-8f5QY4IweK0NbImT5Q0xC1uQVhaigavHhJeNZfwoJiXg6a-n9lug7a_ZaQJKHTb-C9N1Qckd0Rf6E7R4JwWLA0fGChjy__KPfjvtbzE/s1600/60.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI2Mo7YnZ4uzUAtEUPFQXk2JlVgvezvu5i8el-8f5QY4IweK0NbImT5Q0xC1uQVhaigavHhJeNZfwoJiXg6a-n9lug7a_ZaQJKHTb-C9N1Qckd0Rf6E7R4JwWLA0fGChjy__KPfjvtbzE/s400/60.jpg" width="302px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Edvard Munch (O grito) </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="296px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOXEMfDpirQ8z_b3NxCCTc5pOgOixdQ7cwY4-YiWNRhI0Ad0iaCgdQP9rHZ1jIKaDv_mzCWF3hCv9DRUronGmUUpLX2a615xl7gFcsOfZ3mrn2StITWv-rT5lYDDzqk4ZwEyJjsZ-d6zA/s400/sao_paulo.jpg" width="400px" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Tarcila do Amaral ( São Paulo)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">A textura</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">As superfícies dos objetos soa diferentes e podemos notar isso ao tocá-las. Uma rocha é áspera; o tronco de uma árvore é rugoso; o algodão é suave e macio. Para saber se um tecido, por exemplo, é liso ou áspero, não precisamos tocá-lo; basta olhar para ele. Esse aspecto da superfície dos objetos se chama textura.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A textura é explorada em arte de muitas maneiras. Na escultura, por exemplo, a textura pode ser sentida pelo tato. Um escultor pode talhar uma pedra e deixar zonas ásperas. Na pintura, também é possível conseguir diferentes texturas, usando-se camadas espessas de tinta ou pintando-se sobre uma superfície que tenha relevos. No desenho, não é possível fazer figuras com texturas diferentes, mas obter efeitos de texturas, com traços ou pontos repetidos, por exemplo. Nesse caso as texturas não são reais, ou seja, não são sentidas pelo toque.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="298px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4D-6Y_oig6CFTJQtbHIiI2pEHr3mVDbUcR736tUhzYbT6JqiiimphKJNZVkOyrUtq60hWdZrlewgVzPEjbPCVCd1G_Gl0KT187x3-GxHK8dXsNzb8iWVb-AIZ2QT5cuM_IGaoULUrUX4/s400/agosto97lote108.jpg" width="400px" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Tarcila do Amaral</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6WjKfCl2fgrYWJrFJVb9s8_I-_LsnmqbK4mfYdr48vu21nztLptwAF7mdvQKMeTEGJuiKJsAb2aKQxMS57SCGS-HJz3qhPUQjmrT3t6MA0ioRBbsQai4J6ks53KsOFUqZ1N183SkiYO0/s1600/P2230656.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6WjKfCl2fgrYWJrFJVb9s8_I-_LsnmqbK4mfYdr48vu21nztLptwAF7mdvQKMeTEGJuiKJsAb2aKQxMS57SCGS-HJz3qhPUQjmrT3t6MA0ioRBbsQai4J6ks53KsOFUqZ1N183SkiYO0/s400/P2230656.JPG" width="342px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsXYXsz2Vdpj55UjlRa1j4-p1mYvuXSO_WhEVJ7yvuY4ks6gqbtYR5U3e93T0gLHGxVCxb6UGibhYt6-HmRtNSLNe8VOPP4QvhyIhd2QG0nO9f7puD_LTt9YFo-GoYktK1AIPdBeMdTxI/s1600/P2230740.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="244px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsXYXsz2Vdpj55UjlRa1j4-p1mYvuXSO_WhEVJ7yvuY4ks6gqbtYR5U3e93T0gLHGxVCxb6UGibhYt6-HmRtNSLNe8VOPP4QvhyIhd2QG0nO9f7puD_LTt9YFo-GoYktK1AIPdBeMdTxI/s320/P2230740.JPG" width="320px" /></a></div><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">A Cor</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ao nosso redor há uma variedade enorme de cores. Se escutamos a palavra “azul”, sabemos a que cor a pessoa que fala se refere. No entanto, há tantos tipos de cores azuis! O céu é azul-claro em um dia de sol. O mar, à distância, nos parece azul-escuro. Existe uma grande variedade de tons azuis: claros, escuros, esverdeados, violáceos. E o mesmo acontece com o laranja, o vermelho, o verde. Se existem tantas cores como podemos estudá-las?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cores primárias e secundárias </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Para estudar as cores, o primeiro passo é sabermos que existem cores primárias e secundárias. As cores primárias são cores puras, sem mistura. É através das cores primárias que se formam todas as outras cores. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">As cores primárias são VERMELHO-AZUL-AMARELO.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiM0n_gZsJjpvKGZxyGpJ51Y85QM3s5OWgXOraBBg98scaV5SPwi6PVCv-udyhiAULJTVToaTvZ6lyjZw5L72WNaPt2uILK_H93HfyR4Tv885PdG8vWnVAAc8hFNVLXGwSTwAOraxr1XQ/s1600/cores2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="95px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiM0n_gZsJjpvKGZxyGpJ51Y85QM3s5OWgXOraBBg98scaV5SPwi6PVCv-udyhiAULJTVToaTvZ6lyjZw5L72WNaPt2uILK_H93HfyR4Tv885PdG8vWnVAAc8hFNVLXGwSTwAOraxr1XQ/s400/cores2.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As secundárias, ao contrário, são as que resultam da mistura de duas cores primárias. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd0AyiUZLQR02R_f2G2LxfRJYP5JSHdVfZ9DeJ79MR5t9Le1HiazldWDykMY_sFY7xhBgBWy_9T_Ts50YSdj_mordyut1TO-77q8RaWQg2jrvjRwLDHAh-phmHRfmFUIwJZ_TBxm80jUM/s1600/cores.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd0AyiUZLQR02R_f2G2LxfRJYP5JSHdVfZ9DeJ79MR5t9Le1HiazldWDykMY_sFY7xhBgBWy_9T_Ts50YSdj_mordyut1TO-77q8RaWQg2jrvjRwLDHAh-phmHRfmFUIwJZ_TBxm80jUM/s400/cores.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">As cores terciárias são obtidas misturando uma cor primária e uma secundária. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">As cores terciárias são:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Vermelho-alaranjado=combinação do vermelho+laranja.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Amarelo-alaranjado=combinação do amarelo+laranja.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Amarelo-esverdeado=combinação do amarelo+verde.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Azul-esverdeado=combinação do verde+azul.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Azul-arroxeado=combinação do azul+roxo.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Vermelho-arroxeado=combinação do roxo+vermelho.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cores Neutras</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">São as cores que combinam com qualquer cor. As cores neutras são o preto, o branco e o cinza.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsNuMaYNzbbLJB2rSoiG-asjZkNCSMADTzdefnsMhF7Rggv-sNavPr1UJN5nketahgl-ZHud2aIOH700ZVlcvu0xmd-13l5QgA_lwHLrafKteWbPCAbNw0uOkhERU3zmCikTvTl-09j84/s1600/cores+neutra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="98px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsNuMaYNzbbLJB2rSoiG-asjZkNCSMADTzdefnsMhF7Rggv-sNavPr1UJN5nketahgl-ZHud2aIOH700ZVlcvu0xmd-13l5QgA_lwHLrafKteWbPCAbNw0uOkhERU3zmCikTvTl-09j84/s400/cores+neutra.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cores Quentes e Cores Frias</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">As cores possuem seus valores de luminosidade.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Algumas são mais alegres, mais vivas, que classificamos de cores quentes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">As cores quentes nos lembram o fogo, o sol, e transmitem o arrojo, a aventura, o estímulo, o calor.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Outras são mais escuras e tristes, que classificamos de cores frias, que classificamos de cores frias, e transmitem a calma, o repouso, o frio, a sombra.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">As cores quentes são derivadas do vermelho e as frias derivam do azul.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A cor amarela é equilibrada. Os tons de roxo podem ser classificados como quentes ou frios, pois apresentam tanto azul como o vermelho.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Harmonia das cores</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Harmonia é a combinação entre duas ou mais cores.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">São estas as principais maneiras de combinar cores:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Monocromia</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">É a harmonia conseguida quando utilizamos somente uma cor, com suas variações de tons, obtidas com o auxílio da cor branca ou preta.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Isocromia</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">È a harmonia conseguida através de uma cor e seus matizes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Por exemplo: amarelo-alaranjado, amarelo-esverdeado, amarelo-amarronzado.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Policromia</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">É a harmonia conseguida através de várias cores.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMg0Bmu3iIIrYUQpesSEIH6FsvXv_W8NOFaFZh4ZuQxW3dXo5KL-2hfSr4rg2dbaHT3UdHl3aHUfniWeqFRdXLf_Nz6ufmDn2sPgvV2ZEFZlIEcIsJBjJGBFF4zGQgzLJT6r4ketvKWTs/s1600/462.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="323px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMg0Bmu3iIIrYUQpesSEIH6FsvXv_W8NOFaFZh4ZuQxW3dXo5KL-2hfSr4rg2dbaHT3UdHl3aHUfniWeqFRdXLf_Nz6ufmDn2sPgvV2ZEFZlIEcIsJBjJGBFF4zGQgzLJT6r4ketvKWTs/s400/462.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-75436419760493245572011-06-21T14:19:00.000-07:002011-06-21T14:22:35.477-07:00HISTÓRIA DO SURREALISMO<div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">SURREALISMO</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">O Surrealismo foi um movimento artístico e literário surgido primeiramente em Paris dos anos 20, inserido no contexto das vanguardas que viriam a definir o modernismo no período entre as duas Grandes Guerras Mundiais. Reúne artistas anteriormente ligados ao Dadaísmo ganhando dimensão internacional. Fortemente influenciado pelas teorias psicanalíticas de Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), mas também pelo Marxismo, o surrealismo enfatiza o papel do inconsciente na atividade criativa. Um dos seus objetivos foi produzir uma arte que, segundo o movimento, estava sendo destruída pelo racionalismo. O poeta e crítico André Breton (1896-1966) é o principal líder e mentor deste movimento.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEC6ksf1M-ZMvYLRLnmWi1hM1u8LeLKWL-RV686GinH3YeKukiLjSc7SfDr0EE2LBMXMJBb4sf9HdljXYUV2yoj7rK5nNYK6W7jxCKrL1FTOKm91_EnfqUNoKcZMwYY3AKN9HfMJ1ZVoA/s1600/salvador_dali2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEC6ksf1M-ZMvYLRLnmWi1hM1u8LeLKWL-RV686GinH3YeKukiLjSc7SfDr0EE2LBMXMJBb4sf9HdljXYUV2yoj7rK5nNYK6W7jxCKrL1FTOKm91_EnfqUNoKcZMwYY3AKN9HfMJ1ZVoA/s400/salvador_dali2.jpg" width="313px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6W5rhVaqpcnX9_EOse4XIeVKESJb8OV6Q4icGocPybXyrBKZY2N2OnroqX-CuEXTgH5FbtGa3Y-HvIwqx4kig4nYUt0Q7xSmBtMfwMky29Mh-J9O-jsDsdHlV0rguxobplXC6BsYsu0M/s1600/salvador_dali_-_a_caravela.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6W5rhVaqpcnX9_EOse4XIeVKESJb8OV6Q4icGocPybXyrBKZY2N2OnroqX-CuEXTgH5FbtGa3Y-HvIwqx4kig4nYUt0Q7xSmBtMfwMky29Mh-J9O-jsDsdHlV0rguxobplXC6BsYsu0M/s400/salvador_dali_-_a_caravela.jpg" width="285px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Salvador Dali</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A palavra surrealismo supõe-se ter sido criada em 1917 pelo poeta Guillaume Apollinaire (1886-1918), jovem artista ligado ao Cubismo, e autor da peça teatral As Mamas de Tirésias (1917), considerada uma precursora do movimento.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Um dos principais manifestos do movimento é o Manifesto Surrealista de (1924). Além de Breton seus representantes mais conhecidos são Antonin Artaud no teatro, Luis Buñuel no cinema e Max Ernst, René Magritte e Salvador Dalí no campo das artes plásticas.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">ARTES-PLÁSTICAS</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Foi através da pintura que as idéias do surrealismo foram melhor expressadas. Através da tela e das tintas, os artistas plásticos colocam suas emoções, seu inconsciente e representavam o mundo concreto.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">O movimento artístico dividiu-se em duas correntes. A primeira, representada principalmente por Salvador Dalí, trabalha com a distorção e justaposição de imagens conhecidas. Sua obra mais conhecida neste estilo é A Persistência da Memória. Nesta obra, aparecem relógios desenhados de tal forma que parecem estar derretendo.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiyF4xjV2rZVLC9RLFS9Jkl7-0P3VD0jxnXAIaNR2ubQXwpxBTTV_PrZuXxr8m2JI5TEkwDFrkbag_kPAr6qGxYoeH6RnOOEny1qg0dUhA0x9k_5FcxmiYTJYnSFNcjrUnAs6Q3RlAxfA/s1600/478.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiyF4xjV2rZVLC9RLFS9Jkl7-0P3VD0jxnXAIaNR2ubQXwpxBTTV_PrZuXxr8m2JI5TEkwDFrkbag_kPAr6qGxYoeH6RnOOEny1qg0dUhA0x9k_5FcxmiYTJYnSFNcjrUnAs6Q3RlAxfA/s400/478.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmzbeqv8Qng1YDuUrAQhiVA3bqi4JI5fP3AUdsZ9uXMoDAOOe-DfCFkLBw26MPMFaXIHgf_ke2csam-N1uK5AhgU1gfk2a73_39eMsiRyTXl_9asyabX03yKK9TlUFvCO5s4_gcuQU5nE/s1600/o-grande-masturbador.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmzbeqv8Qng1YDuUrAQhiVA3bqi4JI5fP3AUdsZ9uXMoDAOOe-DfCFkLBw26MPMFaXIHgf_ke2csam-N1uK5AhgU1gfk2a73_39eMsiRyTXl_9asyabX03yKK9TlUFvCO5s4_gcuQU5nE/s400/o-grande-masturbador.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Os artistas da segunda corrente libertam a mente e dão vazão ao inconsciente, sem nenhum controle da razão. Joan Miró e Max Ernst representam muito bem esta corrente. As telas saem com formas curvas, linhas fluidas e com muitas cores. O Carnaval de Arlequim e A Cantora Melancólica, são duas pinturas de Miró que representam muito bem esta vertente do surrealismo.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy-ELg84X5zjUK_A8nQ2XHRck-LrCN5XNcNfOUuuRPf0hPp7aa_ApQawOU-1YZ2_ztiYVN-M5NF1nwlgDFqLjrTo4InNdSztOm0ylwwfeH50Ztcph9agSgixG4ESIrGcdjbKM6XQVy5rc/s1600/f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="331px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy-ELg84X5zjUK_A8nQ2XHRck-LrCN5XNcNfOUuuRPf0hPp7aa_ApQawOU-1YZ2_ztiYVN-M5NF1nwlgDFqLjrTo4InNdSztOm0ylwwfeH50Ztcph9agSgixG4ESIrGcdjbKM6XQVy5rc/s400/f.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgviHgywIg9AzX2Gg_1kSVeblZh2PJptuq-zs8AJu-T7F20jnG5GOD_NjlSIGrp8stmcayLYynqSOUKQth1ypqrf0_jZPXzw9IVquSklya6RblvN6KB-nb3lM84jeMIfJKmWqqPKC-IUAc/s1600/miro1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgviHgywIg9AzX2Gg_1kSVeblZh2PJptuq-zs8AJu-T7F20jnG5GOD_NjlSIGrp8stmcayLYynqSOUKQth1ypqrf0_jZPXzw9IVquSklya6RblvN6KB-nb3lM84jeMIfJKmWqqPKC-IUAc/s400/miro1.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Miró </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Visão surrealista</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">As características deste estilo: uma combinação do representativo, do abstrato, do irreal e do inconsciente. Entre muitas de suas metodologias estão a colagem e a escrita automática. Segundo os surrealistas, a arte deve se libertar das exigências da lógica e da razão e ir além da consciência cotidiana, buscando expressar o mundo do inconsciente e dos sonhos.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Buscava deliberadamente o bizarro e irracional para expressar verdades ocultas, inalcançáveis por meio da lógica. Foram duas formas dentro do movimento: Joan Miró e Max Ernst praticavam a arte improvisada, distanciando-se o mais possível do controle consciente.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Já outros, como Dali, de Chirico e Magritte, usavam técnicas realistas para apresentar cenas alucinatórias que desafiavam o senso comum.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuuiCzUtQ28a23Gj6VqddaNyI8Yd7ilvStV0bOQRu2a8zqnme6X_t25TAHY6sw7woHHskfk1GOSy7g4H5Dx6ceSDks1ThyphenhyphenLu2tWHsh3bQ8R9rpXpK0XdD8uaeA0t0OicNMj4QyAa5nCzQ/s1600/salvador_dali.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuuiCzUtQ28a23Gj6VqddaNyI8Yd7ilvStV0bOQRu2a8zqnme6X_t25TAHY6sw7woHHskfk1GOSy7g4H5Dx6ceSDks1ThyphenhyphenLu2tWHsh3bQ8R9rpXpK0XdD8uaeA0t0OicNMj4QyAa5nCzQ/s400/salvador_dali.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Dali - Persistência da memória </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFZVBVvb9ZfzJfkH44oZCeUg5a3tgYR-ETRNJHrmZK7WmCg2PnoYFJHpOct_hsghNFlc7IOizweCcoAT0J_vP5mpo6IYct9b_prxrxzbaAqKZBzSLyht1wfEv98vQqO1b_wsZ6l92QLzY/s1600/2006022804_The_Dangerous_Liaison_magritte18q.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFZVBVvb9ZfzJfkH44oZCeUg5a3tgYR-ETRNJHrmZK7WmCg2PnoYFJHpOct_hsghNFlc7IOizweCcoAT0J_vP5mpo6IYct9b_prxrxzbaAqKZBzSLyht1wfEv98vQqO1b_wsZ6l92QLzY/s400/2006022804_The_Dangerous_Liaison_magritte18q.jpg" width="290px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Magritte</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Desenvolvimento de uma arte que criticava a cultura européia e a frágil condição humana diante de um mundo cada vez mais complexo. Surgem movimentos estéticos que interferem de maneira fantasiosa na realidade. O surrealismo foi por excelência a corrente artística moderna da representação do irracional e do subconsciente.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD0XZuSOMUt0FueudiSkrQafwHZHBfUDp8eTOj8K21ZtKyFgn6CC_2NI8UuCsK7ef1bMOfmyfuYPXcdKbVcJxaCJWs6XnH3kQS6876UaOdr7FLeYQg72gxoTQa8q2QjFEAS3WqdU0wEhU/s1600/magrite.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD0XZuSOMUt0FueudiSkrQafwHZHBfUDp8eTOj8K21ZtKyFgn6CC_2NI8UuCsK7ef1bMOfmyfuYPXcdKbVcJxaCJWs6XnH3kQS6876UaOdr7FLeYQg72gxoTQa8q2QjFEAS3WqdU0wEhU/s400/magrite.jpg" width="307px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Magritte </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn09cktAkXLt4fshPVkxxi_sTy3gTc_TWnxKSflnS7PnH8akBM4S06PWBzv9ZX3GDDpp5l6wtrBh3ZpzR_J5Faph8sJEnUEMcEvqyBYXpTcY7eJfb4VeI9tWQupZ2_ob6YAADR28TaMHY/s1600/389.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn09cktAkXLt4fshPVkxxi_sTy3gTc_TWnxKSflnS7PnH8akBM4S06PWBzv9ZX3GDDpp5l6wtrBh3ZpzR_J5Faph8sJEnUEMcEvqyBYXpTcY7eJfb4VeI9tWQupZ2_ob6YAADR28TaMHY/s400/389.jpg" width="301px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Dali</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Este movimento artístico surge todas as vezes que a imaginação se manifesta livremente, sem o freio do espírito crítico; o que vale é o impulso psíquico. Os surrealistas deixam o mundo real para penetrarem no irreal, pois a emoção mais profunda do ser tem todas as possibilidades de se expressar apenas com a aproximação do fantástico, no ponto onde a razão humana perde o controle.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinXitAYgXCloGz__yLhvBg9kcJyDsptaafwcYtZ9lkt7jG4-CAacKWB583WNExZBIX57tlZeBgv6lJjPbADqCREl-VrGyvsOCgPW-aAa2nUNdTam0pr7wHJE5ztDs02UkLPGafH5hkx_k/s1600/imagesCALRANEP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinXitAYgXCloGz__yLhvBg9kcJyDsptaafwcYtZ9lkt7jG4-CAacKWB583WNExZBIX57tlZeBgv6lJjPbADqCREl-VrGyvsOCgPW-aAa2nUNdTam0pr7wHJE5ztDs02UkLPGafH5hkx_k/s400/imagesCALRANEP.jpg" width="274px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Im234rpzzjfaPYx8iAD6VZI8ZG5XR9LCaC-1ykMrvefi3GboZ6uvmzsNwEaU3tNHEjMow05i8UmO8JI1joxBVbwfwLyJBjGjha4Fnxy_PzpdWA1JS86BNzdyHp92HIIBFZxNivg7WSo/s1600/BELMER.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Im234rpzzjfaPYx8iAD6VZI8ZG5XR9LCaC-1ykMrvefi3GboZ6uvmzsNwEaU3tNHEjMow05i8UmO8JI1joxBVbwfwLyJBjGjha4Fnxy_PzpdWA1JS86BNzdyHp92HIIBFZxNivg7WSo/s320/BELMER.jpg" width="320px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Hans Bellmer (escultura)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">O Surrealismo apresenta relações com o Futurismo e o Dadaísmo. No entanto, se os dadaístas propunham apenas a destruição, os surrealistas pregavam a destruição da sociedade em que viviam e a criação de uma nova, a ser organizada em outras bases.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg50Rf9Nnn7vxTCzrSRBaqiuMPS0wQ76yH7_saFGyfeojFMQ7wlB7kZRZm59XTvNLLzDnuPnlyxF4oVCTwYfyB4FqzcCOo5C_ONbrA3i1IgsRAoMGuqubuvkEPc4oaKou44sSnT2wgbgcA/s1600/061127_magritte-espelho-falso.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg50Rf9Nnn7vxTCzrSRBaqiuMPS0wQ76yH7_saFGyfeojFMQ7wlB7kZRZm59XTvNLLzDnuPnlyxF4oVCTwYfyB4FqzcCOo5C_ONbrA3i1IgsRAoMGuqubuvkEPc4oaKou44sSnT2wgbgcA/s400/061127_magritte-espelho-falso.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrYtwPZLf0QTdJOzhdGM9LsDCqtZlKgrC1YNphu0bxYYlwvjiReMrBHZbqkBlUeagxI-REh-X2hAl0mgvcE_lc5NqlrmsfYdMXGS-m2oqUyiRgKqjxGNn8oNvoDLiQKmm7d1CWQZGbqmg/s1600/surrealismo_A_M_L_%2528doc_1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="355px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrYtwPZLf0QTdJOzhdGM9LsDCqtZlKgrC1YNphu0bxYYlwvjiReMrBHZbqkBlUeagxI-REh-X2hAl0mgvcE_lc5NqlrmsfYdMXGS-m2oqUyiRgKqjxGNn8oNvoDLiQKmm7d1CWQZGbqmg/s400/surrealismo_A_M_L_%2528doc_1%2529.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Magritte</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Os surrealistas pretendiam, dessa forma, atingir uma outra realidade, situada no plano do subconsciente e do inconsciente. A fantasia, os estados de tristeza e melancolia exerceram grande atração sobre os surrealistas, e nesse aspecto eles se aproximam dos românticos, embora sejam muito mais radicais.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">SALVADOR DALI</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">É, sem dúvida, o mais conhecido dos artistas surrealistas. Suas primeiras obras são influenciadas pelo Cubismo de Gris e pela pintura metafísica de Giorgio De Chirico. Começou a se interessar pela psicanálise de Freud, de grande importância ao longo de toda a sua obra.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw_41gxFJH_fkW2_khMwcms98nP_MaZ5LbAbL3VbdKycaacOae9YfqaygZkTQLdlPJgl1oJB2wD7D4TOruK0j1kVGz_-gIwR1_gj0UHxLBje-XAlxKicX9gmTi_vgr1RSxWKbZBRbOnV0/s1600/390.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw_41gxFJH_fkW2_khMwcms98nP_MaZ5LbAbL3VbdKycaacOae9YfqaygZkTQLdlPJgl1oJB2wD7D4TOruK0j1kVGz_-gIwR1_gj0UHxLBje-XAlxKicX9gmTi_vgr1RSxWKbZBRbOnV0/s400/390.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgISmGFggVvlL6znWLB8NV-gqW8vIgMnUiLN9IYE1C1tSVxQjb-NkSgAQb3wMBHO80DMlI6-vegMo_FBHxza-NmsKHynZXzf8HnlemopDwq7XzLtpA53E8aS2nKSVLYXVYuthvQyHbE5Dk/s1600/dali-premonicao.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgISmGFggVvlL6znWLB8NV-gqW8vIgMnUiLN9IYE1C1tSVxQjb-NkSgAQb3wMBHO80DMlI6-vegMo_FBHxza-NmsKHynZXzf8HnlemopDwq7XzLtpA53E8aS2nKSVLYXVYuthvQyHbE5Dk/s400/dali-premonicao.jpg" width="388px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Dali</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sua primeira viagem a Paris em 1927 foi fundamental para sua carreira. Fez amizade com Picasso e Breton e se entusiasmou com a obra de Tanguy e o maneirista-Arcimboldo.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ele criou o conceito de “paranóia critica“ para referir-se à atitude de quem recusa a lógica que rege a vida comum das pessoas . Segundo ele, é preciso “contribuir para o total descrédito da realidade”.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">JOAN MIRÓ</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Breton considerava Miró como o mais surrealista de todos. Ele queria banir a razão e soltar o inconsciente. Inventou signos biomórficos parecidos com objetos da natureza. Com os anos, essas formas foram ficando cada vez mais simplificadas. Miró dizia: “o importante é desnudar a alma”. “Miró não colocava um ponto numa folha de papel sem acertar direto ao alvo”, disse Giacometti.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKdWj_66E7QSyC0jwxijrQrX3w1dIP6s5cmDwWftZvgrgm4qPW3-ia6_Wpb_7iPV6kgWnyL31SDXXqr8w7HHIHcpvPKy-aFFC2nyEC73NfLQEGh9NN2GPOaaAHPsZodQE2ieobfRk3b24/s1600/1200-13066%255B1%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKdWj_66E7QSyC0jwxijrQrX3w1dIP6s5cmDwWftZvgrgm4qPW3-ia6_Wpb_7iPV6kgWnyL31SDXXqr8w7HHIHcpvPKy-aFFC2nyEC73NfLQEGh9NN2GPOaaAHPsZodQE2ieobfRk3b24/s400/1200-13066%255B1%255D.jpg" width="320px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV4xqpBseZdMurGI88eX7RN2kD5VQiErgoZrGoQjdHv-mmiThv72DH8rRYDIHxDIWQV8ZrXKQpc5Vv-VpI8nD8X2DXrq6T0212CWSSJLcZJRchDVnmsBBYEWrpT1qsCDJQN6IgHUscIKM/s1600/miro_garden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV4xqpBseZdMurGI88eX7RN2kD5VQiErgoZrGoQjdHv-mmiThv72DH8rRYDIHxDIWQV8ZrXKQpc5Vv-VpI8nD8X2DXrq6T0212CWSSJLcZJRchDVnmsBBYEWrpT1qsCDJQN6IgHUscIKM/s400/miro_garden.jpg" width="313px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Miró</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A famosa magia de Miró se manifesta nas telas de traços nítidos e formas sinceras na aparência, mas difíceis de serem elucidadas, embora se apresentem de forma amistosa ao observador. Miró também se dedicou à cerâmica e à escultura, nas quais extravasou suas inquietações pictóricas.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">“O sonho não pode ser também aplicado à solução das questões fundamentais da vida?” (fragmento do Manifesto do Surrealismo de André Breton, francês que lançou o movimento).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">No mesmo manifesto, Breton define Surrealismo: "Automatismo psíquico pelo qual alguém se propõe a exprimir, seja verbalmente, seja por escrito, seja de qualquer outra maneira, o funcionamento real do pensamento".</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB22ca-mIy9LVxVoH6tI5e_N4WR-7vXYroRNvLule_G35bIeZwXQqupyRQf9d_qBDJZFgF4j7SkVQID8HcszTZBT6vzx8rC47i8oEOC7faENRvG85e5AetAmmmVnZaVR2uGYKGpL4iVIY/s1600/Laclarividencia19361.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="330px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB22ca-mIy9LVxVoH6tI5e_N4WR-7vXYroRNvLule_G35bIeZwXQqupyRQf9d_qBDJZFgF4j7SkVQID8HcszTZBT6vzx8rC47i8oEOC7faENRvG85e5AetAmmmVnZaVR2uGYKGpL4iVIY/s400/Laclarividencia19361.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Magritte</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Humor, sonho e a contra lógica são recursos a serem utilizados para libertar o homem da existência utilitária. Segundo a nova ordem, as idéias de bom gosto e decoro devem ser subvertidas. O Surrealismo destacou-se nas artes, principalmente por quadros ou esculturas que expressavam os sonhos dos artistas. Porém não bastavam ser sonhos comuns, deveriam ser aqueles que tem formas variadas e confusas, como um boi com asas ou peixes andando nas nuvens.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpb1D_j291hjqiQmNKRvgxGnSmn8_5T4batN81gYTLT0Kfd4eOM7jCZj634s83Kebzb6irH5OhgTlQlj_ARBTsmJAxUOmMWe7WeqGq6XXgyfvHINh32IIYPvuSyj2VtzTfDxm_bPFkUec/s1600/vladimirkush_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="293px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpb1D_j291hjqiQmNKRvgxGnSmn8_5T4batN81gYTLT0Kfd4eOM7jCZj634s83Kebzb6irH5OhgTlQlj_ARBTsmJAxUOmMWe7WeqGq6XXgyfvHINh32IIYPvuSyj2VtzTfDxm_bPFkUec/s400/vladimirkush_01.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvtw6Bnfhuz6ra56MIQnJDvJszni_cYpOBvUg6Gwiqsh19kidkccALI_Qpj7L3KwZqdG1mwyoLTVHQAMbqUxom_os3fq7zgcmHKTYK6svTbDUgSc7amkeaPm6MnYgoe6viFDFUba9BUJs/s1600/vladimirkush3hg4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="311px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvtw6Bnfhuz6ra56MIQnJDvJszni_cYpOBvUg6Gwiqsh19kidkccALI_Qpj7L3KwZqdG1mwyoLTVHQAMbqUxom_os3fq7zgcmHKTYK6svTbDUgSc7amkeaPm6MnYgoe6viFDFUba9BUJs/s400/vladimirkush3hg4.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Vladimir Kush - hoje em dia é comum vermos pintores surrealistas. Kush é da contemporaneidade, porém seu estilo é surrealista.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">O Surrealismo, mais além de sua dimensão artística teve um objetivo último, e em certo modo transcendente: atingir uma radical renovação da humanidade, através da transformação de seus esquemas cultuais, pois segundo Breton: "o homem tem guardado em seu próprio pensamento, uma realidade desconhecida da qual depende, sem dúvida, a organização futura do mundo".</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-53659227683918295122011-06-21T08:00:00.000-07:002011-06-21T08:01:33.465-07:00A HISTÓRIA DA PINTURA<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A pintura</span><br />
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A pintura refere-se genericamente à técnica de aplicar pigmento em forma líquida a uma superfície, a fim de colori-la, atribuindo-lhe matizes, tons e texturas.<br />
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Em um sentido mais específico, é a arte de pintar uma superfície, tais como papel, tela, ou uma parede (pintura mural ou de afrescos). A pintura a óleo é considerada por muitos como um dos suportes artísticos tradicionais mais importantes; muitas das obras de arte mais importantes do mundo, tais como a Mona Lisa, são pinturas a óleo.<br />
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Diferencia-se do desenho pelo uso dos pigmentos líquidos e do uso constante da cor, enquanto aquele apropria-se principalmente de materiais secos. <br />
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No entanto, há controvérsias sobre essa definição de pintura. Com a variedade de experiências entre diferentes meios e o uso da tecnologia digital, a idéia de que pintura não precisa se limitar à aplicação do "pigmento em forma líquida". Atualmente o conceito de pintura pode ser ampliado para a representação visual através das cores. Mesmo assim, a definição tradicional de pintura não deve ser ignorada.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Cor</span><br />
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O elemento fundamental da pintura é a cor. A relação formal entre as massas coloridas presentes em uma obra constitui sua estrutura fundamental, guiando o olhar do espectador e propondo-lhe sensações de calor, frio, profundidade, sombra, entre outros. Estas relações estão implícitas na maior parte das obras da História da Arte e sua explicitação foi uma bandeira dos pintores abstratos. A cor é considerada por muitos como a base da imagem.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">História </span><br />
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A pintura acompanha o ser humano por toda a sua história. Ainda que durante o período grego clássico não tenha se desenvolvido tanto quanto a escultura, a Pintura foi uma das principais formas de representação dos povos medievais, do Renascimento até o século XX.<br />
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Mas é a partir do século XIX com o crescimento da técnica de reprodução de imagens, graças à Revolução Industrial, que a pintura de cavalete perde o espaço que tinha no mercado. Até então a gravura era a única forma de reprodução de imagens, trabalho muitas vezes realizado por pintores. Mas com o surgimento da fotografia, a função principal da pintura de cavalete, a representação de imagens, enfrenta uma competição difícil. Essa é, de certa maneira, a crise da imagem única e o apogeu de reprodução em massa.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Gravura Pintura Fotografia</span><br />
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No século XX a pintura de cavalete se mantém através da difusão da galeria de arte. Mas a técnica da pintura continua a ser valorizada por vários tipos de designers (ilustradores, estilistas, etc.), especialmente na publicidade. Várias formas de reprodução técnica surgem nesse século, como o vídeo e diversos avanços na produção gráfica. A longo do século XX vários artistas experimentam com a pintura e a fotografia, criando colagens e gravuras, artistas como os dadaístas e os membros do pop art, só para mencionar alguns. Mas é com o advento da computação gráfica que a técnica da pintura se une completamente à fotografia. A imagem digital, por ser composta por pixeis, é um suporte em que se pode misturar as técnicas de pintura, desenho, escultura (3d) e fotografia.<br />
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A partir da revolução da arte moderna e das novas tecnologias, os pintores adaptaram técnicas tradicionais ou as abandonaram , criando novas formas de representação e expressão visual.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Pintura figurativa e abstrata</span><br />
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Quando o artista pretende reproduzir em seu quadro uma realidade que lhe é familiar, como sua realidade natural e sensível ou sua realidade interna, a pintura é essencialmente a representação pictórica de um tema: é uma pintura figurativa. O tema pode ser uma paisagem (natural ou imaginada), uma natureza morta, uma cena mitológica ou cotidiana, mas independente disto a pintura manifestar-se-á como um conjunto de cores e luz. Esta foi praticamente a única abordagem dada ao problema em toda a arte ocidental até meados do início do século XX.<br />
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A partir das pesquisas de Paul Cézanne, os artistas começaram a perceber que era possível lidar com realidades que não necessariamente as externas, dialogando com características dos elementos que são próprios da pintura, como a cor, a luz e o desenho. Com o aprofundamento destas pesquisas, Wassily Kandinsky chegou à abstração total em 1917. A pintura abstrata não procura retratar objetos ou paisagens, pois está inserida em uma realidade própria.<br />
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Paul Cezanne <br />
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Kandinsky<br />
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A abstração pode ser, porém, construída, manifestando-se em uma realidade concreta porém artificial. Esta foi a abordagem dos construtivistas e de movimentos similares. Já os expressionistas abstratos, como Jackson Pollock, não construíam a realidade, mas encontravam-na ao acaso. Este tipo de pintura abstrata resulta diametralmente oposta à primeira: enquanto aquela busca uma certa racionalidade e expressa apenas as relações estéticas do quadro, esta é normalmente caótica e expressa o instinto e sensações do artista quando da pintura da obra.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Técnica</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Diversos tipos diferentes de tintas</span><br />
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Toda Pintura é formada por um meio líquido, chamado médium ou aglutinante, que tem o poder de fixar os pigmentos (meio sólido e indivisível) sobre um suporte.<br />
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A escolha dos materiais e técnica adequadas está diretamente ligada ao resultado desejado para o trabalho e como se pretende que ele seja entendido. Desta forma, a análise de qualquer obra artística passa pela identificação do suporte e da técnica utilizadas.<br />
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O suporte mais comum é a tela (normalmente feita com um tecido tensionado sobre um chassis de madeira), embora durante a Idade Média e o Renascimento o afresco tenha tido mais importância. É possível também usar o papel (embora seja muito pouco adequado à maior parte das tintas).<br />
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Quanto aos materiais, a escolha é mais demorada e, normalmente, envolve uma preferência pessoal do pintor e sua disponibilidade. O papel é suporte comum para a aquarela e o guache, e eventualmente para a tinta acrílica.<br />
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As técnicas mais conhecidas são: a pintura a óleo, a tinta acrílica, o guache, a aquarela, a caseína, a resina alquídica, o afresco, a encáustica e a têmpera de ovo. É também possível lidar com pastéis e crayons, embora estes materiais estejam mais identificados com o desenho.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Os temas </span><br />
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Praticamente tudo o que há ao redor das pessoas já apareceu nas obras dos artístas. O assunto de que trata uma obra de arte se chama tema. Na pintura, alguns temas recebem nomes especiais, por exemplo: <br />
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• Natureza morta é uma pintura que representa objets sem vida. Nesses quadros não aparecem pessoas nem paisagens. Com frequencia esses objetos estão sobre uma mesa e representam coisas do cotidiano, como alimentos, por exemplo. <br />
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• Retrato e auto-retrato é a imagem que representa uma pessoa. Às vezes é feito com a intenção de que a pintura fique muito parecida com a pessoa que serviu de modelo; outras vezes o artísta capta somente as formas mais essenciais, porque não quer imitar a realidade. <br />
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• Paisagem é um quadro que representa a natureza, como as montanhas, árvores, rios, etc. Também há paisagens urbanas, que representam ruas, casas e edifícios das cidades.<br />
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• Ícone é a pintura que representam cenas com personagens, para contar algum fato religioso ou histórico, ou para mostrar uma situação do cotidiano de uma época ou de um lugar determinados.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Por que se pinta</span><br />
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Em cada época e em cada lugar, as pinturas significaram coisa diferentes. Por exemplo, acredita-se que as pessoas que pintaram há milhões de anos o fizeram por motivos mágicos. As cavernas nas quais se pintavam eram lugares onde se faziam ritos especiais. Essas pessoas pensavam que, representando ali o animal que costumavam caçar, conseguiriam capturá-lo mais facilmente.<br />
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Outras vezes, pintavam para agradar os seus deuses. Os templos dedicados a eles eram muito bem decorados para que os deuses ficassem contentes e propriciassem às pessoas uma vida melhor.<br />
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A pintura também era usada com fins educativos. Na europa, no século XII, pintava-se nas paredes das igrejas cenas da Bíblia ou da vida dos santos, para que aqueles que não sabiam ler pudessem aprender olhando as imagens.<br />
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A pintura é uma forma de expressão muito importante. Pinta-se por muitos e diferentes motivos: para transmitir uma idéia às outras pessoas, para expressar um sentimento, por puro prazer, ou mesmo como uma experiência ou provocação.<br />
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<br />Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-80429400428002046332011-06-21T06:25:00.000-07:002011-06-21T06:27:13.480-07:00HISTÓRIA DO ARTESANATO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Artesanato</div>
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O artesanato é tradicionalmente a produção de caráter familiar, na qual o produtor (artesão) possui os meios de produção (sendo o proprietário da oficina e das ferramentas) e trabalha com a família em sua própria casa, realizando todas as etapas da produção, desde o preparo da matéria-prima, até o acabamento; ou seja, não havendo divisão do trabalho ou especialização para a confecção de algum produto. Em algumas situações o artesão tinha junto a si um ajudante ou aprendiz.</div>
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Peças feitas de cerâmica</div>
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Artesanato é essencialmente o próprio trabalho manual ou produção de um artesão (de artesão + ato). Mas com a mecanização da indústria o artesão é identificado como aquele que produz objetos pertencentes à chamada cultura popular. </div>
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História</div>
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Os primeiros objetos feitos pelo homem eram artesanais. Isso pode ser identificado no período neolítico (6.000 a.C.) quando o homem aprendeu a polir a pedra, a fabricar a cerâmica como utensílio para armazenar e cozer alimentos, e descobriu a técnica de tecelagem das fibras animais e vegetais. O mesmo pode ser percebido no Brasil no mesmo período. Pesquisas permitiram identificar uma indústria lítica e fabricação de cerâmica por etnias de tradição nordestina que viveram no sudeste do Piauí em 6.000 a.C</div>
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Historicamente, o artesão, responde por todo o processo de transformação da matéria-prima em produto acabado. Mas antes da fase de transformação o artesão é responsável pela seleção da matéria-prima a ser utilizada e pela concepção, ou projeto do produto a ser executado.</div>
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A partir do século XI, o artesanato ficou concentrado então em espaços conhecidos como oficinas, onde um pequeno grupo de aprendizes viviam com o mestre-artesão, detentor de todo o conhecimento técnico. Este oferecia, em troca de mão-de-obra barata e fiel, conhecimento, vestimentas e comida. Criaram-se as Corporações de Ofício, organizações que os mestres de cada cidade ou região formavam a fim de defender seus interesses.</div>
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Tipos de Artesanato</div>
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O artesanato pode ser erudito, popular e folclórico, podendo ser manifestado de várias formas como, nas cerâmicas utilitária, funilaria popular, trabalhos em couro e chifre, trançados e tecidos de fibras vegetais e animais (sedenho), fabrico de farinha de mandioca, monjolo de pé de água, engenhocas, instrumentos de música, tintura popular. E também encontram-se nas pinturas e desenhos (primitivos), esculturas, trabalhos em madeiras, pedra guaraná, cera, miolo de pão, massa de açúcar, bijuteria, renda, filé, crochê, papel recortado para enfeite, etc.</div>
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O artesanato brasileiro é um dos mais ricos do mundo e garante o sustento de muitas famílias e comunidades. O artesanato faz parte do folclore e revela usos, costumes, tradições e características de cada região.</div>
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No Brasil, o artesanato também surgiu neste período. Os índios foram os mais antigos artesãos. Eles utilizavam a arte da pintura, usando pigmentos naturais, a cestaria e a cerâmica, sem esquecer a arte plumária como os cocares, tangas e outras peças de vestuário feitos com penas e plumas de aves.</div>
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Tipos de artesanatos brasileiro: </div>
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Cerâmica-e-bonecos-de-barro</div>
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É a arte popular e de artesanato mais desenvolvidas no Brasil e desenvolveu-se em regiões propícias à extração de sua matéria prima - o barro. Nas feiras e mercados do Nordeste, se encontram os bonecos de barro, reconstituindo figuras típicas da região, como os cangaceiros, retirantes, vendedores, músicos e rendeiras. </div>
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Renda </div>
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A renda, presente em roupas, lenços, toalhas e outros artigos, tem um importante papel econômico nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Sul, e é desenvolvida pelas-mãos-das-rendeiras.</div>
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Entalhando-a-madeira</div>
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É uma manifestação cultural muito utilizada pelos índios nas suas construções de armas, utensílios, embarcações, instrumentos musicais, máscaras e bonecos.</div>
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Os artesanatos em madeira produzem objetos diversificados com motivos da natureza, do universo humano e a fantasia. Exemplos disso são as carrancas, ou cabeças-de-proa, os utensílios como cocho, pilão, gamelas e móveis simples e rústicos, os engenhos, moendas, tonéis, carroças e o maior produto artesanal em madeira - contando com poucas partes de metal - são os carros de bois.</div>
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Cestas-e-trançados</div>
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A arte de trançar fibras, deixada pelos índios, inclui esteiras, redes, balaios, chapéus, peneiras e outros. Quanto à decoração, os objetos de trançados possuem uma imensa variedade, explorada através de formas geométricas, espessuras diferentes, corantes e outros materiais. Esse tipo de artesanato pode-se encontrar espalhados em diversas regiões do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil como, na Bahia, Mato Grosso, Maranhão, Pará e o Amazonas.</div>
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Artesanato-indígena</div>
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Cada grupo ou tribo indígena tem seu próprio artesanato. Em geral, a tinta usada pelas tribos é uma tinta natural, proveniente de árvores ou frutos. Os adornos e a arte plumária são outro importante trabalho indígena.</div>
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A grande maioria das tribos desenvolvem a cerâmica e a cestaria. E como passatempo ou em rituais sagrados, os índios desenvolveram flautas e chocalhos.</div>
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É comum confundirmos artesanato com rusticidade mas é importante observar que neste regime de trabalho fazem-se tantos objetos rústicos como bem acabados, pois o artesanato se define pelo processo de produção de objetos e não pelas qualidades práticas que pode ser emprestada a este no ato de fazer.</div>
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Importância do artesanato</div>
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No processo evolutivo da raça humana, a atividade econômica deve ser examinada como etapa inicial. Sem trabalho, o homem não avança sequer um palmo na via esplendida do progresso. E foram as mãos que abriram o caminho para a longa e vitoriosa jornada que inda prossegue.</div>
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<br /></div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-32130429232317728672011-06-21T05:55:00.000-07:002011-06-21T05:55:45.226-07:00HISTÓRIA DA FOTOGRAFIA<span style="font-size: x-large;">História da Fotografia</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhnVCFAI6V_vL0DTuKEGbUM0LPFbq2EoLpukmJ4oQKl39dx22Dg-UNJy_oGzjEcUcC0k9ZubJAvoecuI2nCjG-_OkU_bKw4KBRTx_fa408VHncndYS6P5bI6eooZIkTJ_AOEI9iamnTrk/s1600/Fotografia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhnVCFAI6V_vL0DTuKEGbUM0LPFbq2EoLpukmJ4oQKl39dx22Dg-UNJy_oGzjEcUcC0k9ZubJAvoecuI2nCjG-_OkU_bKw4KBRTx_fa408VHncndYS6P5bI6eooZIkTJ_AOEI9iamnTrk/s400/Fotografia.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A palavra Fotografia vem do grego [fós] ("luz"), e [grafis] ("estilo", "pincel") ou grafê, e significa "desenhar com luz e contraste".</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Por definição, fotografia é, essencialmente, a técnica de criação de imagens por meio de exposição luminosa, fixando esta em uma superfície sensível. A primeira fotografia reconhecida remonta ao ano de 1826 e é atribuída ao francês Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. Contudo, a invenção da fotografia não é obra de um só autor, mas um processo de acúmulo de avanços por parte de muitas pessoas, trabalhando juntas ou em paralelo ao longo de muitos anos. Se por um lado os princípios fundamentais da fotografia se estabeleceram há décadas e, desde a introdução do filme fotográfico colorido, quase não sofreram mudanças, por outro, os avanços tecnológicos têm sistematicamente possibilitado melhorias na qualidade das imagens produzidas, agilização das etapas do processo de produção e a redução de custos, popularizando o uso da fotografia.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZqvocEd_uTzv0gl-ygp_V0CPI27Y7l6qEO6sR957NQ2L_U9P4k50uct5XAE0BhUqg6tcVRktS80K08jFxsLsCModw-RSwzId0FBwD4NHfJD-5S7nA3l1l9Q3_V6DJ1eHqK-a3_JNJYio/s1600/natureza_colorida_m.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZqvocEd_uTzv0gl-ygp_V0CPI27Y7l6qEO6sR957NQ2L_U9P4k50uct5XAE0BhUqg6tcVRktS80K08jFxsLsCModw-RSwzId0FBwD4NHfJD-5S7nA3l1l9Q3_V6DJ1eHqK-a3_JNJYio/s400/natureza_colorida_m.gif" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Atualmente, a introdução da tecnologia digital tem modificado drasticamente os paradigmas que norteiam o mundo da fotografia. Os equipamentos, ao mesmo tempo que são oferecidos a preços cada vez menores, disponibilizam ao usuário médio recursos cada vez mais sofisticados, assim como maior qualidade de imagem e facilidade de uso. A simplificação dos processos de captação, armazenagem, impressão e reprodução de imagens proporcionados intrinsecamente pelo ambiente digital, aliada à facilidade de integração com os recursos da informática, como organização em álbuns, incorporação de imagens em documentos e distribuição via Internet, têm ampliado e democratizado o uso da imagem fotográfica nas mais diversas aplicações. A incorporação da câmera fotográfica aos aparelhos de telefonia móvel têm definitivamente levado a fotografia ao cotidiano particular do indivíduo.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">História</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A fotografia não é a obra final de um único criador. Ao longo da história, diversas pessoas foram agregando conceitos e processos que deram origem à fotografia como a conhecemos. O mais antigo destes conceitos foi o da câmara escura, descrita pelo napolitano Giovanni Baptista Della Porta, já em 1558, e conhecida por Leonardo da Vinci que a usava, como outros artistas no século XVI para esboçar pinturas.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A primeira fotografia reconhecida é uma imagem produzida em 1826 pelo francês Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, numa placa de estanho coberta com um derivado de petróleo fotossensível chamado Betume da Judéia. A imagem foi produzida com uma câmera, sendo exigidas cerca de oito horas de exposição à luz solar. Nièpce chamou o processo de "heliografia", gravura com a luz do Sol. Paralelamente, outro francês, Daguerre, produzia com uma câmera escura efeitos visuais em um espetáculo denominado "Diorama". Daguerre e Niépce trocaram correspondência durante alguns anos, vindo finalmente a firmarem sociedade.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhndt3TACvIigIRwKEYJlHYj9ag0TKucRex4XL14MXReCt6gcZm0f2byyh6OpgOcEEy8AmnKjx5NgN9ncwEnV6iBj68H3zE8G_mh9qHzth0YDCpBHoQu4sEVpv12x3gTa6VVkxT3JVB0Dc/s1600/250PX-%257E1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhndt3TACvIigIRwKEYJlHYj9ag0TKucRex4XL14MXReCt6gcZm0f2byyh6OpgOcEEy8AmnKjx5NgN9ncwEnV6iBj68H3zE8G_mh9qHzth0YDCpBHoQu4sEVpv12x3gTa6VVkxT3JVB0Dc/s400/250PX-%257E1.JPG" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Imagem da primeira fotografia permanente do mundo feita por Nicéphore Niépce, em 1825.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwQwDtWg8wZQfzvkkZvVBp3qyfCjHySdVEZkVZJxSS2orthJ04MJSCTNDKOKv9usOerbM92B6eEtggprA9wi6P6_DxvJfLhPp6FyxGbqaByNqypVnsrFqjORMI1I2ir0EmCsn_lZMOaHc/s1600/250px-Tartan_Ribbon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="328px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwQwDtWg8wZQfzvkkZvVBp3qyfCjHySdVEZkVZJxSS2orthJ04MJSCTNDKOKv9usOerbM92B6eEtggprA9wi6P6_DxvJfLhPp6FyxGbqaByNqypVnsrFqjORMI1I2ir0EmCsn_lZMOaHc/s400/250px-Tartan_Ribbon.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Imagem da primeira fotografia colorida da história, tirada por James Clerk Maxwell em 1861.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A fotografia então popularizou-se como produto de consumo a partir de 1888. A empresa Kodak abriu as portas com um discurso de marketing onde todos podiam tirar suas fotos, sem necessitar de fotografos profissionais com a introdução da câmera tipo "caixão" e pelo filme em rolos substituíveis criados por George Eastman. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3_y2noWlXlQ1r9Sfx59oMBHjLgAIOQX4yqkahh-7fH0SMPdtND1hc9N9d4SfmQmVOF9gytEBkwx68KFfotDAEKOHLF_VpSkmOo0bs8ypD5AXauNKRKIiWGG5Mo3cLxA202f_DY8lZ984/s1600/3197088819_10cfec5b22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3_y2noWlXlQ1r9Sfx59oMBHjLgAIOQX4yqkahh-7fH0SMPdtND1hc9N9d4SfmQmVOF9gytEBkwx68KFfotDAEKOHLF_VpSkmOo0bs8ypD5AXauNKRKIiWGG5Mo3cLxA202f_DY8lZ984/s320/3197088819_10cfec5b22.jpg" width="320px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2ff9TlyHqlu3-EVl0NpwOkIVbGuZtvOGLDYP6DinIgPtflSQgwXNcOQK1e8VOHjVuIs0VKpuw7-WEAdPTNLyKKfH56P07WrbM0ZOgkWLShhAqh3D56-B2Bnh-1y6flkwX8eKjUgFWFCM/s1600/5358467790_75b984e8c2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2ff9TlyHqlu3-EVl0NpwOkIVbGuZtvOGLDYP6DinIgPtflSQgwXNcOQK1e8VOHjVuIs0VKpuw7-WEAdPTNLyKKfH56P07WrbM0ZOgkWLShhAqh3D56-B2Bnh-1y6flkwX8eKjUgFWFCM/s400/5358467790_75b984e8c2.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Desde então, o mercado fotográfico teve experimentado uma crescente evolução tecnológica, como o estabelecimento do filme colorido como padrão e o foco automático, ou exposição automática. Essas inovações indubitavelmente facilitaram a captação da imagem, melhoraram a qualidade de reprodução ou a rapidez do processamento, mas muito pouco foi alterado nos princípios básicos da fotografia. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A grande mudança recente, produzida a partir do final do século XX, foi a digitalização dos sistemas fotográficos. A fotografia digital mudou paradigmas no mundo da fotografia, minimizando custos, reduzindo etapas, acelerando processos e facilitando a produção, manipulação, armazenamento e transmissão de imagens pelo mundo. O aperfeiçoamento da tecnologia de reprodução de imagens digitais tem quebrado barreiras de restrição em relação a este sistema por setores que ainda prestigiam o tradicional filme, e assim, irreversivelmente ampliando o domínio da fotografia digital. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnYLHCCVLDJFYmWlRkizsOZCp0fFv_FW77FR2IKUnLSo2pYoczVXDMnLIrD1Bble8jbOXHn9GWG9Q9AF4t2IV15HXvkI2cshdGCWdxRpC9HqNu8zLxpxUgv8J7zjxoTiV_BcyVH8SVNHc/s1600/camera-fotografica-digital-olympus-x-7601.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="269px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnYLHCCVLDJFYmWlRkizsOZCp0fFv_FW77FR2IKUnLSo2pYoczVXDMnLIrD1Bble8jbOXHn9GWG9Q9AF4t2IV15HXvkI2cshdGCWdxRpC9HqNu8zLxpxUgv8J7zjxoTiV_BcyVH8SVNHc/s320/camera-fotografica-digital-olympus-x-7601.jpg" width="320px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx33jMkss7FC7YsjpJDfI0Pqhw_Z-fj-sdO-MoaqqVWnMLzqsFN_zix8Mgg9y-m-r7_pfO2CIX62OoWCw0jULc3WsXyNMWO_aq4VCuZofaprc5NA2BukhJRZbdbYRrm1QA4P0ScBDgMUU/s1600/maquina-fotografica-Fujifilm-FinePix-S8000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx33jMkss7FC7YsjpJDfI0Pqhw_Z-fj-sdO-MoaqqVWnMLzqsFN_zix8Mgg9y-m-r7_pfO2CIX62OoWCw0jULc3WsXyNMWO_aq4VCuZofaprc5NA2BukhJRZbdbYRrm1QA4P0ScBDgMUU/s320/maquina-fotografica-Fujifilm-FinePix-S8000.jpg" width="320px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNIu-nzjqd0c0j-fDPdXSVqKFvsYZJxO4iOzGWb9mS5Ip2pZwCKhmexfC2crbJQ6t9POVhItMgPAUPkmvoktHpaDuNNnUBVVuy0aZjvVV0A_T4OkdE29LZx0DR1rp4tnhYaQAOIR1GMaw/s1600/iphone3gs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNIu-nzjqd0c0j-fDPdXSVqKFvsYZJxO4iOzGWb9mS5Ip2pZwCKhmexfC2crbJQ6t9POVhItMgPAUPkmvoktHpaDuNNnUBVVuy0aZjvVV0A_T4OkdE29LZx0DR1rp4tnhYaQAOIR1GMaw/s320/iphone3gs.jpg" width="320px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Processos fotográficos</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fotografia em preto e branco</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3W_oV9Siw9sRCNbX738SOgTS3zdb0o7SUCNdS9xvdUt40PdcE4FQ7aIcVsgHeORFPRbCwNz__MyupiQkCL7iYptMOU7qBceCyceAcGdHBAIzOhbvVvHCCawQDQC0Hy5NGAmwB-G15WIQ/s1600/2967257.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3W_oV9Siw9sRCNbX738SOgTS3zdb0o7SUCNdS9xvdUt40PdcE4FQ7aIcVsgHeORFPRbCwNz__MyupiQkCL7iYptMOU7qBceCyceAcGdHBAIzOhbvVvHCCawQDQC0Hy5NGAmwB-G15WIQ/s400/2967257.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqK1I2vioS5Gzy-fn7o5hDmwQSrjODhMGEXkn7bTvPCioKYOEXKx-smm4v4eh6CScRBjbZ8tcwzyRyj-JajGBCT3AgR3Vbj0y0jk1vfOiV0FuxarqmfOHBgj73FtHK4A79EtlzcJQj63A/s1600/2933422.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqK1I2vioS5Gzy-fn7o5hDmwQSrjODhMGEXkn7bTvPCioKYOEXKx-smm4v4eh6CScRBjbZ8tcwzyRyj-JajGBCT3AgR3Vbj0y0jk1vfOiV0FuxarqmfOHBgj73FtHK4A79EtlzcJQj63A/s400/2933422.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkQDpLqgzYcvZMUqOF8JKoB_R6fKIh3uqbtmIrbR1zNPtWRrfoZ8egbjqX5b_td3P6KaMnl0sJAKRh3CPYVGaZi4nvAk7uzo2BwP_L8blSac3HeSiCfTAscYWOcz0l2rOuWoYY-kfwQDc/s1600/foto_arte_preto_e_branco_6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="317px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkQDpLqgzYcvZMUqOF8JKoB_R6fKIh3uqbtmIrbR1zNPtWRrfoZ8egbjqX5b_td3P6KaMnl0sJAKRh3CPYVGaZi4nvAk7uzo2BwP_L8blSac3HeSiCfTAscYWOcz0l2rOuWoYY-kfwQDc/s400/foto_arte_preto_e_branco_6.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A fotografia nasceu em preto e branco, mais precisamente como o preto sobre o branco, no início do século XIX. Desde as primeiras formas de fotografia que se popularizaram, como o daguerreótipo - aproximadamente na década de 1823</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Meio tom</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As fotografias em preto e branco destacam-se pela riqueza de tonalidades; a fotografia colorida não tem o mesmo alcance dinâmico.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Na fotografia P&B se costuma utilizar a luz e a sombra de forma mais proeminente para criar efeitos estéticos -¬ há quem prefira fotografar apenas em preto e branco. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fotografia colorida</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUTQS2UUYx-Xd8O9SJEHxQGh87Kbv0MbQpioizZayIf2PljPvgemgz2d-GGxMa8Ug2rW81OJcgLnTq5Frp199YZGtc-7FCcwKol7XE7ZbpCwH-aDRQshULvH8WU-GM2PIZ2iZMqBCA29w/s1600/arara_colorida.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUTQS2UUYx-Xd8O9SJEHxQGh87Kbv0MbQpioizZayIf2PljPvgemgz2d-GGxMa8Ug2rW81OJcgLnTq5Frp199YZGtc-7FCcwKol7XE7ZbpCwH-aDRQshULvH8WU-GM2PIZ2iZMqBCA29w/s400/arara_colorida.gif" width="400px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP47zGE8A2duKLf_P7xr2ja6V4YFAawLkhsSYVYEzMLNcVMWG_7p4jv1plA9qQgROiMvXV3oC6CKCKOQIwdlVH0td7Gg3eKo3uUM5YAnbb2X1mm52nG_XzvmXGpBb9bIjjRA8InuO6RDk/s1600/colorida.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP47zGE8A2duKLf_P7xr2ja6V4YFAawLkhsSYVYEzMLNcVMWG_7p4jv1plA9qQgROiMvXV3oC6CKCKOQIwdlVH0td7Gg3eKo3uUM5YAnbb2X1mm52nG_XzvmXGpBb9bIjjRA8InuO6RDk/s400/colorida.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A fotografia colorida foi explorada durante o século XIX e os experimentos iniciais em cores não puderam fixar a fotografia, nem prevenir a cor de enfraquecimento. Durante a metade daquele século as emulsões disponíveis ainda não eram totalmente capazes de serem sensibilizadas pela cor verde ou pela vermelha - a total sensibilidade a cor vermelha só foi obtida com êxito total no começo do século XX. A primeira fotografia colorida permanente foi tirada em 1861 pelo físico James Clerk Maxwell. O primeiro filme colorido, o Autocromo, somente chegou ao mercado no ano de 1907 e era baseado em pontos tingidos de extrato de batata.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fotografia digital</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQPpt8l1PSGcLCXm5JuRvUgd_6npQZY6haA4F7ZGvQd_dE3ZX6a5bNwf-s0WmsCVx7Td6IivM0hTtkJTRQh3EGnhjxgJqGv1DwIiZ6TvYjnZm68dLs0hjEbt_lNKxviieNs0RA7a4g2gM/s1600/digital.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQPpt8l1PSGcLCXm5JuRvUgd_6npQZY6haA4F7ZGvQd_dE3ZX6a5bNwf-s0WmsCVx7Td6IivM0hTtkJTRQh3EGnhjxgJqGv1DwIiZ6TvYjnZm68dLs0hjEbt_lNKxviieNs0RA7a4g2gM/s400/digital.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg22CiT7hib9wz2226Eme05Q5DU5IFzB2jhORNRG8l0q0Iy4Z0EwK2yy0XmXhb1Y-r35BcuUdMAmBbIjOD12EpbOnAuFdQl2_fpPv2OIy5P0gqErI9S61Q1Fi7v2KGHMhGJjBSpmG1BmhM/s1600/digita2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg22CiT7hib9wz2226Eme05Q5DU5IFzB2jhORNRG8l0q0Iy4Z0EwK2yy0XmXhb1Y-r35BcuUdMAmBbIjOD12EpbOnAuFdQl2_fpPv2OIy5P0gqErI9S61Q1Fi7v2KGHMhGJjBSpmG1BmhM/s640/digita2.jpg" width="425px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Fotografia digital é a fotografia tirada com uma câmera digital ou determinados modelos de telefone celular, resultando em um arquivo de computador que pode ser editado, impresso, enviado por e-mail ou armazenado em websites, CD-ROMs, pen drives, etc.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Álbuns virtuais</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Com a popularização da fotografia digital, surgiram páginas da Internet especializadas em armazenar fotografias. Desse modo, suas imagens podem ser vistas por qualquer pessoa do planeta que acesse a rede. Elas ficam organizadas por pastas e podem ser separadas por assuntos a livre escolha.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Os álbuns virtuais podem ser usados com vários propósitos, abaixo estão listados alguns exemplos destes:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Portfólio: Muito usado por fotógrafos amadores/profissionais para mostrarem seus trabalhos. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Armazenamento: Quem não deseja ocupar espaço em seu HD pode usar o álbum para armazenar suas fotografias. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Negócios: Outros usam os álbuns para vender seus trabalhos fotográficos. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Os controles das câmeras podem incluir:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Foco </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Abertura das lentes </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Tempo de exposição (ou velocidade de abertura do obturador) </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Distância focal das objetivas fixas: (teleobjetiva, normal ou grande-angular), ou variáveis (zoom) </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Sensibilidade do filme </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Fotômetro </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Usos da fotografia</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A fotografia pode ser classificada como tecnologia de confecção de imagens e atrai o interesse de cientistas e artistas desde o seu começo. Os cientistas usaram sua capacidade para fazer gravações precisas, como Eadweard Muybridge em seu estudo da locomoção humana e animal (1887). Artistas igualmente se interessaram por este aspecto, e também tentaram explorar outros caminhos além da representação fotomecânica da realidade, como o movimento pictural. As forças armadas, a polícia e forças de segurança usam a fotografia para vigilância, identificação e armazenamento de dados.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fotojornalismo</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0wjMxOJ9-VWXkdX1doAH7K7nfy6ScC0MP0unAWv5llrtmMSNtkiGcbl4kLLn0dVdNg9Uzbn5Azj7mu6oAxGzsBT7hjRgkKa8miiPeZpxxC7tVec5vSRh2A5OwZZev1ab_6a4T46Bumuc/s1600/fotojornalismo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0wjMxOJ9-VWXkdX1doAH7K7nfy6ScC0MP0unAWv5llrtmMSNtkiGcbl4kLLn0dVdNg9Uzbn5Azj7mu6oAxGzsBT7hjRgkKa8miiPeZpxxC7tVec5vSRh2A5OwZZev1ab_6a4T46Bumuc/s640/fotojornalismo.jpg" width="488px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkJtSCYe06CZZMG6iV6X9d-H42ujU_w24eBwYxq4Xtzc_1rbNnw8AhwDp65F96aTTwHyzEUR6Er8llWgeZatn0Wk-1b9PeUKh9TZiT2EBaWSQjvFANaFdxadOhA5Kq-L3MlahT2NSeIVo/s1600/fotojor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkJtSCYe06CZZMG6iV6X9d-H42ujU_w24eBwYxq4Xtzc_1rbNnw8AhwDp65F96aTTwHyzEUR6Er8llWgeZatn0Wk-1b9PeUKh9TZiT2EBaWSQjvFANaFdxadOhA5Kq-L3MlahT2NSeIVo/s400/fotojor.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi18ffX2FJUj7yImCQD_c7w6XWL_pJ3CPwTO8o7L1Y-JZmRe4aMyMhViDCnRZbd3TkaP7pR-VCeGN7-qxpUbpOfVAYyEkzILTNDJIDDUH-j_sJjxHmnwWPLA56Kab7042DZ1YCoP1SMTX4/s1600/fotojornalismo3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="322px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi18ffX2FJUj7yImCQD_c7w6XWL_pJ3CPwTO8o7L1Y-JZmRe4aMyMhViDCnRZbd3TkaP7pR-VCeGN7-qxpUbpOfVAYyEkzILTNDJIDDUH-j_sJjxHmnwWPLA56Kab7042DZ1YCoP1SMTX4/s400/fotojornalismo3.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQpZWcjiz0QsT5MFRswiVyMriCvQxhvjX01OZHR4GxFCyxc5urk0z8goqftSHrzd4AK5TIQRIZNYcZHJ-qdsPRblMaqkxYGsxxgh5t8mHFkmxXoET_-WfTgbrsNh-yPQm5WMUim0ZnFMY/s1600/fotojornalismo2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQpZWcjiz0QsT5MFRswiVyMriCvQxhvjX01OZHR4GxFCyxc5urk0z8goqftSHrzd4AK5TIQRIZNYcZHJ-qdsPRblMaqkxYGsxxgh5t8mHFkmxXoET_-WfTgbrsNh-yPQm5WMUim0ZnFMY/s400/fotojornalismo2.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">O fotojornalismo preenche uma função bem determinada e tem características próprias. O impacto é elemento fundamental. A informação é imprescindível.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">É na fotografia de imprensa, um braço da fotografia documental, que se dá um grande papel da fotografia de informação, o fotojornalismo. É no fotojornalismo que a fotografia pode exibir toda a sua capacidade de transmitir informações. E essas informações podem ser passadas, com beleza, pelo simples enquadramento que o fotógrafo tem a possibilidade de fazer. Nada acontece hoje nas comunicações impressas sem o endosso da fotografia.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Existem, basicamente, quatro gêneros de fotografia jornalistica:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">• As fotografias sociais:</span> Nessa categoria estão incluídas a fotografia política, de economia e negócios e as fotografias de fatos gerais dos acontecimentos da cidade, do estado e do país, incluindo a fotografia de tragédia. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJEG1NY8aG1BAUA2HP27MWkJxyzbVDKp56IC1URUnZLFhu46guAWJWZsbXKiVCG4VcTd7LOOnL5KfXhyLRWKCxI_zSsUaE3gXEo3ga3IKjsKQaf3hoUbWHG_SgInctiyzFhh_ALbZgAVI/s1600/2010-04-14_apenas-20-municipios-do-ce-tem-indicadores-sociais-favoraveis_gg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJEG1NY8aG1BAUA2HP27MWkJxyzbVDKp56IC1URUnZLFhu46guAWJWZsbXKiVCG4VcTd7LOOnL5KfXhyLRWKCxI_zSsUaE3gXEo3ga3IKjsKQaf3hoUbWHG_SgInctiyzFhh_ALbZgAVI/s400/2010-04-14_apenas-20-municipios-do-ce-tem-indicadores-sociais-favoraveis_gg.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">• As fotografias de esporte:</span> Nessa categoria, a quantidade de informações é o mais importante e o que influi na sua publicação. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGhRADE8J6M1lBRlQ0zmdKSiPl9L1X9h8LCffX26KlsGzyE6IfDRurqO2JG89sqMwfcQyniTK3XF00UUY2NYrmrIVu2ToKuADoS7m04Bq_V21nzTLoF_W08frAoPaI53I1ywXHajUDTs8/s1600/GT-R-250-abre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGhRADE8J6M1lBRlQ0zmdKSiPl9L1X9h8LCffX26KlsGzyE6IfDRurqO2JG89sqMwfcQyniTK3XF00UUY2NYrmrIVu2ToKuADoS7m04Bq_V21nzTLoF_W08frAoPaI53I1ywXHajUDTs8/s400/GT-R-250-abre.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">• As fotografias culturais:</span> Esse tipo de fotografia, tem como função chamar a atenção para a notícia antes de ela ser lida e nisso a fotografia é única. Neste item podemos colocar um grande segundo grupo, a esportiva, pois no fotojornalismo o que mais vende após a polícia é o esporte. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbQtb-8ICOVmE7CRg0pN5xKoHO1iaKdOCzkbEBVy_DphYYTSmOSOqU2T-GhuaK22YSrGsYmagucRJswVjgExO5p-vEg4JCiwSU8y8M9hhUHMqjsYYSot1DTqmUUWbMTgur1Pc5WtMsF6U/s1600/frevo3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbQtb-8ICOVmE7CRg0pN5xKoHO1iaKdOCzkbEBVy_DphYYTSmOSOqU2T-GhuaK22YSrGsYmagucRJswVjgExO5p-vEg4JCiwSU8y8M9hhUHMqjsYYSot1DTqmUUWbMTgur1Pc5WtMsF6U/s400/frevo3.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">• As fotografias policiais:</span> muitos, quase todos os jornais exploram do sensacionalismo para mostrar acidentes com morte, marginais em flagrante, para vender mais jornais e fazer uma média com os assinantes. Pode-se dizer que há uma rivalidade entre os jornais para ver qual aquele que mostra a cena mais chocante num assalto, morte, acidente de grande vulto. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCacLLo1u4keMQ7PduNFVYdbV9pD-JEVUq4SgCHFHhyphenhyphenhYAHyy4TcY_Go4gxUB3M3X1CFv52t7E-H0ebbJphbry0yB_ipSjStr1FhEr_2VTmMFXIEFfsW33RvhEowraxcrmrHpM60dF0e0/s1600/MS_Marcha_de_abertura_do_I_Encontro_de_Movimentos_Sociais_Mineiros_por_Romualdo_Macedo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCacLLo1u4keMQ7PduNFVYdbV9pD-JEVUq4SgCHFHhyphenhyphenhYAHyy4TcY_Go4gxUB3M3X1CFv52t7E-H0ebbJphbry0yB_ipSjStr1FhEr_2VTmMFXIEFfsW33RvhEowraxcrmrHpM60dF0e0/s400/MS_Marcha_de_abertura_do_I_Encontro_de_Movimentos_Sociais_Mineiros_por_Romualdo_Macedo.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fotografia como arte</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy1mD0WCaHGYs3Bb6y3PakjQD6Iw3T8fKeB5l9i5ZfKqn_HzvkNxlPcCjLMEycEtRIxP8Pulvah7jN7gRHeFNzB7iA-2qiuHsrvqqYoTSZG50O4XvbnZVGgDFzjBaM0Ck_woMZ06sIsS8/s1600/artistica2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy1mD0WCaHGYs3Bb6y3PakjQD6Iw3T8fKeB5l9i5ZfKqn_HzvkNxlPcCjLMEycEtRIxP8Pulvah7jN7gRHeFNzB7iA-2qiuHsrvqqYoTSZG50O4XvbnZVGgDFzjBaM0Ck_woMZ06sIsS8/s400/artistica2.jpg" width="280px" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A discussão sobre se a fotografia é arte ou não é longa e envolve uma diversidade de opiniões. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">De acordo com Barthes, muitos não a consideram arte, por ser facilmente produzida e reproduzida, mas a sua verdadeira alma está em interpretar a realidade, não apenas copiá-la. Nela há uma série de símbolos organizados pelo artista e o receptor os interpreta e os completa com mais símbolos de seu repertório.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Fazer fotografia não é apenas apertar o disparador. Tem de haver sensibilidade, registrando um momento único, singular. O fotógrafo recria o mundo externo através da realidade estética.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Em um mundo dominado pela comunicação visual, a fotografia só vem para acrescentar, pode ser ou não arte, tudo depende do contexto, do momento, dos ícones envolvidos na imagem. Cabe ao observador interpretar a imagem, acrescentar a ela seu repertório e sentimento.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fotógrafo</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbQgFsenZcc-1c3yZZC_lrKQA8XZZiGhM-dxDcVRGIa40xCOM1E4dwkPMxeFoI6ExD3VZuUqnOV97EZ_z0vfHmoTOaAo_urIAUGXSbN5VoSQp4eIDj1GwiBeE1Wgg7JJ3Az9tux3x1bVA/s1600/Francesco_fotografo_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbQgFsenZcc-1c3yZZC_lrKQA8XZZiGhM-dxDcVRGIa40xCOM1E4dwkPMxeFoI6ExD3VZuUqnOV97EZ_z0vfHmoTOaAo_urIAUGXSbN5VoSQp4eIDj1GwiBeE1Wgg7JJ3Az9tux3x1bVA/s320/Francesco_fotografo_.jpg" width="320px" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Fotógrafo é a pessoa que tira (registra) fotografia, usando uma câmera. É geralmente considerado um artista, pois faz seu produto (a foto) com a mesma dedicação e da mesma forma que qualquer outro artista visual.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Faz parte da cultura brasileira a figura do Fotógrafo Lambe-lambe, profissional que ficava nas praças tirando fotos comercialmente, quando adquirir uma máquina fotográfica era algo muito difícil devido ao seu alto valor comercial.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Amadores e profissionais</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Quando um determinado autor de fotografias baseia grande parte do seu rendimento nesta atividade, diz-se ser um fotógrafo profissional.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Por vezes, o adjetivo profissional é usado erroneamente na fotografia para valorizar uma determinada imagem fotográfica ou perícia de um autor. Na realidade, a qualidade da fotografia nem sempre está relacionada com o fato do seu autor ser ou não profissional. Muitos amadores realizam com regularidade imagens mais bem sucedidas que muitos profissionais.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Na realidade "profissional" refere-se apenas à profissão do autor, e não à qualidade do trabalho. Ao mesmo tempo que um profissional pode realizar um trabalho mal feito, pode-se entender melhor, adiante no parte de "arte".</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">O adjetivo amador, quando atribuído a um fotógrafo, pode ter um significado muito vasto. Pessoas que apenas fotografam a sua família e vida, para uso pessoal, consideram-se fotógrafas amadores. Outros fotógrafos amadores chegam a publicar livros, realizar exposições e dedicam uma vida inteira ao estudo da fotografia.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fotografia e memória.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Na fotografia encontra-se a ausência, a lembrança, a separação dos que se amam, as pessoas que já faleceram, as que desapareceram.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Para algumas pessoas, fotografar é um ato prazeroso, de estar figurando ou imitando algo que existe. Já para outras, é a necessidade de prolongar o contato, a proximidade, o desejo de que o vínculo persista.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A foto faz que as pessoas lembrem do seu passado e que fiquem conscientes de quem são. O conhecimento do real e a essência de identidade individual dependem da memória. A memória vincula o passado ao presente, ela ajuda a representar o que ocorreu no tempo, porque unindo o antes com o agora temos a capacidade de ver a transformação e de alguma maneira decifrar o que virá.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A fotografia captura um instante, põe em evidência um momento, ou seja, o tempo que não pára de correr e de ter transformações. Ao olhar uma fotografia é importante valorizar o salto entre o momento em que o objeto foi clicado e o presente em que se contempla a imagem, porém a ocasião fotografada é capaz de conter o antes e depois.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Fotografa-se para recordar, porque os acontecimentos terminam e as fotografias permanecem, porém não sabemos se esses momentos foram significativos em si mesmos ou se tornaram memoráveis por terem sido fotografados.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Everaldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9217496265204172890.post-12082079893325480692011-06-20T06:36:00.000-07:002011-06-21T05:31:51.243-07:00A HISTÓRIA DA ARTE DO CUBISMO<span style="font-size: large;">CUBISMO </span><br />
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O cubismo é um movimento estético das artes plásticas, sobre tudo na pintura que ocorreu entre 1907 e 1914, (século XX) em Paris e que rompeu com a perspectiva adotada pela arte ocidental desde o Renascimento. De todos os movimentos deste século, é o que tem influência mais ampla.</div>
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Ao pintar, os artistas achatam os objetos, e com isso eliminam a ilusão de tridimensionalidade. Mostram, porém, várias faces da figura ao mesmo tempo. Retratam formas geométricas, como cubos e cilindros, que fazem parte da estrutura de figuras humanas e de outros objetos que pintam. Por isso o movimento ganha ironicamente o nome de cubismo. As cores em geral se limitam a preto, cinza, marrom e ocre. tendo como principais fundadores Pablo Picasso e Georges Braque.</div>
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O cubismo tratava as formas da natureza por meio de figuras geométricas, representando todas as partes de um objeto no mesmo plano. A representação do mundo passava a não ter nenhum compromisso com a aparência real das coisas.</div>
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O pontapé inicial da revolução artística denominada Cubismo foi o quadro "Les Demoiselles d’Avignon", que Pablo Picasso pintou em 1907, com influências de máscaras-africanas. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3FYHld_MMzn-VFVi0VmDLl8_EkCLq_pX-uWmaFKtgln9cnZUfwU2fGvJtwO5PDLafBCJwK40OWGnWErbtaP3UFWqcL8evOE0E-7gOOdfGUaccstUFddeEtU8uxh1SP-Ig0LOrjqyNBKM/s1600/les_demoiselles_da_avignon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3FYHld_MMzn-VFVi0VmDLl8_EkCLq_pX-uWmaFKtgln9cnZUfwU2fGvJtwO5PDLafBCJwK40OWGnWErbtaP3UFWqcL8evOE0E-7gOOdfGUaccstUFddeEtU8uxh1SP-Ig0LOrjqyNBKM/s400/les_demoiselles_da_avignon.jpg" width="382px" /></a></div>
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A tela retrata cinco prostitutas nuas em um bordel.</div>
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Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d´Avignon, 1907. Óleo sobre tela. Museu de Arte Moderna, Nova York, EUA </div>
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O movimento cubista surgiu como um dos principais pontos de mutação da arte do século XX, e liberou a arte ao estabelecer, nas palavras do pintor cubista Fernand Léger, que “a arte consiste em inventar, e não em copiar”.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjemtzUnKa9aYUorPstikBpolCCR7yQEjCFoXpSo9VuuEZ-dPI_I5n5xUY8BJ6DeidAFW_nfsfvAqZBv-Vq0eAogUFJGsK7jsRrL0a1xAzl5QdeqwOUzNdaOITThL9YFqmxnyG4pgkD4U8/s1600/Braque.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjemtzUnKa9aYUorPstikBpolCCR7yQEjCFoXpSo9VuuEZ-dPI_I5n5xUY8BJ6DeidAFW_nfsfvAqZBv-Vq0eAogUFJGsK7jsRrL0a1xAzl5QdeqwOUzNdaOITThL9YFqmxnyG4pgkD4U8/s400/Braque.jpg" width="320px" /></a></div>
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Pintura de Braque. Ele e Picasso sempre pintavam juntos, por isso a semelhança entre as obras dos dois artistas é tão grande. <br />
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Seu precursor foi Cézanne, que se tornou o pai da "arte moderna", ao sacrificar a correção convencional da perspectiva linear e aérea em busca de um arranjo ordenado na tela, que os mestres clássicos haviam conhecido. Cézanne usava formas geométricas quando pintava e afirmava ver na natureza "o quadrado, a esfera e o cone". Seus desenhos rompiam com a apresentação tradicional de um objeto calcada na perspectiva. Mostravam a figura em mais de uma face, distorcendo-as sutilmente. </div>
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Paul Cézanne,<br />
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O cubismo rompeu com o passado ao instaurar na arte uma nova concepção de espaço plástico no achatamento do espaço pela superposição dos planos do objeto, com este ganhando uma nova feição figurativa. Segundo o escritor mexicano Octavio Paz, a modernidade é marcada pela lógica da ruptura e foi esta lógica que levou os cubistas a romperem com as antigas formas de representação artística. Escandalizou o mundo com sua imposição na arte através de Picasso – com a ajuda de Braque – e liderou as forças de inovação artística, de 1908 a 1914.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmxLZfL0H9RQVX8MOqkOLVICqJmpPqeMGCVNmxWg567L2N-HWz44Z9lj5NNt-u0DpzoxM6SeKFMaBXE0gQLGDwTgNEsqxxqa0HxR9_t4KODX1GQTrRuPAExQU7W88KUFQNcLipNOmtKXo/s1600/picasso.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmxLZfL0H9RQVX8MOqkOLVICqJmpPqeMGCVNmxWg567L2N-HWz44Z9lj5NNt-u0DpzoxM6SeKFMaBXE0gQLGDwTgNEsqxxqa0HxR9_t4KODX1GQTrRuPAExQU7W88KUFQNcLipNOmtKXo/s320/picasso.jpg" width="320px" /></a></div>
Foto de Picasso <br />
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O Cubismo divide-se em três importantes fases: cezanniana ou primitiva, analítica e sintética.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">• Cubismo pré-analítico ou Cubismo Cézanniano</span> - uma espécie de "preparação" para o cubismo, onde as primeiras características surgem. </div>
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A primeira fase volta ao problema da modulação em Cézanne – coordenação sensitiva dos planos constituintes da representação formal – e abandona a cor como forma de resolver a modulação, apoiando-se na luz e sombra, dando um efeito escultórico às paisagens, retratos e naturezas-mortas dessa fase. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia8k5GmH9t08DJ_dEfols5Cz-sqHuPQeZpOMJsQ2LHpz_k0wqRGtaSR16tA56VLSso360ncYL_baQZ7QAkvKrd5KaLN5i68WFiH1ryjo8i5MrBopemjTmXVohIeamCi3KKvCMiaFylmeU/s1600/cezanne-cherries.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="321px" i$="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia8k5GmH9t08DJ_dEfols5Cz-sqHuPQeZpOMJsQ2LHpz_k0wqRGtaSR16tA56VLSso360ncYL_baQZ7QAkvKrd5KaLN5i68WFiH1ryjo8i5MrBopemjTmXVohIeamCi3KKvCMiaFylmeU/s400/cezanne-cherries.jpg" width="400px" /></a></div>
Cezanne<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">• Cubismo analítico</span> - que se caracterizava pela desestruturação da obra, pela decomposição de suas partes constitutivas; <br />
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A fase analítica analisava as formas dos objetos, partindo-os em fragmentos e espalhando-os pela tela. Em uma gama quase monocromática, usando apenas marrom, verde, e mais tarde cinza, a fim de analisar a forma sem a distração das cores. Decompondo a obra em partes, o artista registra todos os seus elementos em planos sucessivos e superpostos, procurando a visão total da figura, examinando-a em todos os ângulos no mesmo instante, através da fragmentação dela. </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">• Cubismo sintético</span> - foi uma reação ao cubismo analítico, que tentava tornar as figuras novamente reconhecíveis. <br />
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Foi no cubismo sintético que a colagem foi vista como novo meio de linguagem artística e/ou implementação da criação artística. Os primeiros artistas a utilizarem essa técnica foram Pablo Picasso e Georges Braque, por volta de 1912. Braque colava pedaços de papel retangulares em uma folha de papelão e ali colocava esboços de pintura. Depois de algum tempo, vários deles começaram a misturar imagens impressas de todo o tipo, desde rótulos até gravuras. Na fase sintética pretendia-se dar uma imagem sintética dos objetos, das suas formas essenciais e da sua matéria. De 1912 a 1914, o cubismo sintético ou de colagem – “papier collé” - constrói quadros com jornais, tecidos e objetos, além de tinta.</div>
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Reagindo à excessiva fragmentação dos objetos e à destruição de sua estrutura, basicamente, essa tendência procurou tornar as figuras novamente reconhecíveis. Foi chamada de Colagem porque introduz letras, palavras, números, pedaços de madeira, vidro, metal e até objetos inteiros nas pinturas, as assemblages. Essa inovação pode ser explicada pela intenção dos artistas em criar efeitos plásticos e de ultrapassar os limites das sensações visuais que a pintura sugere, despertando também no observador as sensações táteis.</div>
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O Cubismo teve uma influência profunda na História da Arte, particularmente sobre tendências posteriores, como o abstracionismo geométrico e o minimalismo.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">CUBISMO NO BRASIL </span><br />
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O cubismo só repercute no país após a Semana de Arte Moderna de 1922. Pintar como os cubistas é considerado apenas um exercício técnico. Não há, portanto, cubistas brasileiros, embora quase todos os modernistas sejam influenciados pelo movimento. É o caso de Tarsila do Amaral, Anita Malfatti e Di Cavalcanti.</div>
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Cubistas e artistas com obras cubistas<br />
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Pablo Picasso<br />
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• Georges Braque<br />
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• Juan Gris<br />
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• Kazimir Malevich<br />
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• Lyonel Feininger<br />
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• Fernand Léger<br />
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• Umberto Boccioni<br />
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• Robert Delaunay<br />
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Diego RiveraEveraldo Cardosohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237969267389777369noreply@blogger.com8